Abstract: This study relies on information obtained from mothers to examine how earthquakes affect the behaviors and emotional problems of preschool children with respect to gender and mother’s level of education. This is a descriptive study including a control group. The sample consists of a total of 482 children, 210 of whom were attending preschools in the Sultandagi (Afyon) earthquake zone (participants) and the remaining 272 were attending preschools in Ankara (control group). The study used the Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 1^1/2 -5; (CBCL/1^1/2-5) and the Parent Demographic Information and Earthquake Experience Form to gather data. The data was then analyzed by using the Multivariate ANOVA (MANOVA) technique in line with the aim stated above. The results of statistical analyses revealed that children in the earthquake zone displayed more problem behaviors than those in the control group. With respect to gender, girls were found to have more problem behaviors than boys. Also, children of mothers with lower levels of education seemed to have more behavioral/emotional problems than children of mothers with higher education levels.