Abstract: Creation and strengthening of the judiciary in Russia has resulted in accelerated reform of the judicial system, law enforcement structures in order to ensure the rights and freedoms of citizens. The need for the establishment, abolition and then restoration of the Institute of Justice of the peace courts and the offices of justice of the peace in Russia has been occasionally occurring for almost 200 years. In the process of the study writing, the following general scientific methods of cognition were used: the philosophical categories of essence and phenomenon of form and contents; the general scientific research methods (logical analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, abstraction and of ascent from the abstract to the concrete, systematic, functional). The judicial reform of 1864 was the most bourgeois of all of the reforms of the time, it was also very consistent which was really reflected in the principles on which the reform was based. Before the reform of 1864, the structure of the judicial system was complex and confusing. The court was built on the estates principle. In addition, there were many special courts, i.e., military, religious, commercial, courts of consciousness, land survey courts and other. The judicial functions were performed by administrative bodies as well. The law was didn’t prescribe the necessity of educational qualification for judges. Finally, the magistrate’s court in Russia was abolished after the revolution of 1917. At present, the justice of the peace in Russia becomes widely spread.