References

Abe, T., K. Sato, N. Miyakoshi, T. Kudo and Y. Tamura, T. Tsuchida and Y. Kasukawa, 1999. Trabecular remodeling processes in the ovariectomized rat: Modified node-strut analysis. Bone, 24: 591-596.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Anderson, G.L., M. Limacher, A.R. Assaf, T. Bassford and S.A.A. Beresford et al., 2004. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy. J. Am. Med. Assco., 291: 1701-1712.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Anderson, J.J., M.S. Anthony, J.M. Cline, S.A. Washburn and S.C. Garner, 1999. Health potential of soy isoflavones for menopausal women. Public Health Nutr., 2: 489-504.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Anderson, J.J., W.W. Ambrose and S.C. Garner, 1998. Biphasic effects of genistein on bone tissue in the ovariectomized, lactating rat model. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med., 217: 345-350.
PubMed  |  

Brown, J.P., P.D. Delmas, L. Malaval, C. Edouard, M.C. Dhapuy and P.J. Meunier, 1984. Serum bone Gla-protein: A specific marker for bone formation in postmenopausal osteoporosis. Lancet, 19: 1091-1093.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Dempster, D.W., R. Birchman, R. Xu, R. Lindsay and V. Shen, 1995. Temporal changes in cancellous bone structure of rats immediately after ovariectomy. Bone, 16: 157-161.
CrossRef  |  

Hsieh, C.Y., R.C. Santel, S.Z. Haslam and W.G. Helferich, 1998. Estrogenic effects of genistein on the growth of estrogen receptor-positive human breast cancer (MCF-7) cells in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Res., 58: 3833-3838.
PubMed  |  

Jilka, R.L., G. Hangoc, G. Girasole, G. Passeri and D.C. Williams et al., 1992. Increased osteoclast development after estrogen loss: Mediation by interleukin-6. Science, 257: 88-91.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Ju, Y.H., C.D. Allred, K.F. Allred, K.L. Karko, D.R. Doerge and W.G. Helferich, 2001. Physiological concentrations of dietary genistein dose-dependently stimulate growth of estrogen-dependent human breast cancer (MCF-7) tumors implanted in athymic nude mice. J. Nutr., 131: 2957-2962.
PubMed  |  

Lesclous, P., D. Guez, B. Baroukh, A. Vignery and J.L. Saffar, 2004. Histamine participates in the early phase of trabecular bone loss in ovariectomized rats. Bone, 34: 91-99.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Lindsay, R., F. Cosman, R.A. Lobo, B.W. Walsh and S.T. Harris et al., 1999. Addition of alendronate to ongoing hormone replacement therapy in the treatment of osteoporosis: A randomized, controlled clinical trial. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 84: 3076-3081.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Lorenzo, J.A., A. Naprta, Y. Rao, C. Alander and M. Glaccum et al., 1998. Mice lacking the type I interleukin-1 receptor do not lose bone mass after ovariectomy. Endocrinology, 139: 3022-3025.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Mellish, R.W., M.W. Ferguson-Pell, G.V. Cochran, R. Lindsay and D.W. Dempster, 1991. A new manual method for assessing two-dimensional cancellous bone structure: Comparison between iliac crest and lumbar vertebra. J. Bone Miner. Res., 6: 689-696.
PubMed  |  

Morabito, N., A. Crisafulli, C. Vergara, A. Gaudio and A. Lasco et al., 2002. Effects of genistein and hormone-replacement therapy on bone loss in early postmenopausal women: A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. J. Bone Miner. Res., 17: 1904-1912.
PubMed  |  

Nishino, H., H. Tokuda, Y. Satomi, M. Masuda and Y. Osaka et al., 2004. Cancer prevention by antioxidants. BioFactors, 22: 57-61.
PubMed  |  

Pacifici, R., L. Rifas, R. McCracken, I. Vered, C. McMurtry, L.V. Avioli and W.A. Peck, 1989. Ovarian steroid treatment blocks a postmenopausal increase in blood monocyte interleukin 1 release. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA., 86: 2398-2402.
PubMed  |  

Price, P.A., M.K. Williamson and J.W. Lothringer, 1981. Origin of the vitamin K-dependent bone protein found in plasma and its clearance by kidney and bone. J. Biol. Chem., 256: 12760-12766.
PubMed  |  

Rao, A.V., 2002. Lycopene, tomatoes and the prevention of coronary heart disease. Exp. Biol. Med., 227: 908-913.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Riggs, B.L., K.S. Tsai and K.G. Mann, 1986. Effect of acute increases in bone matrix degradation on circulating levels of bone-Gla protein. J. Bone Miner. Res., 1: 539-542.
PubMed  |  

Semba, R.D., F. Lauretani and L. Ferrucci, 2007. Carotenoids as protection against sarcopenia in older adults. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 458: 141-145.
CrossRef  |  

Srivastava, A.K., S. Bhattacharyya, G. Castillo, J. Wergedal, S. Mohan and D.J. Baylink, 2000. Development and application of a serum C-telopeptide and osteocalcin assay to measure bone turnover in an ovariectomized rat model. Calcif. Tissue Int., 66: 435-442.
CrossRef  |  

Stahl, W. and H. Sies, 2005. Bioactivity and protective effects of natural carotenoids. Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 1740: 101-107.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Uchiyama, S. and M. Yamaguchi, 2004. Inhibitory effect of β-cryptoxanthin on osteoclast-like cell formation in mouse marrow cultures. Biochem. Pharmacol., 67: 1297-1305.
PubMed  |  

Uchiyama, S. and M. Yamaguchi, 2005. β-Cryptoxanthin stimulates cell proliferation and transcriptional activity in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. Int. J. Mol. Med., 15: 675-681.
PubMed  |  

Uchiyama, S. and M. Yamaguchi, 2005. Beta-Cryptoxanthin stimulates cell differentiation and mineralization in osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells. J. Cell. Biochem., 95: 1224-1234.
PubMed  |  

Uchiyama, S. and M. Yamaguchi, 2006. β-cryptoxanthin stimulates apoptotic cell death and suppresses cell function in osteoclastic cells: Change in their related gene expression. J. Cell. Biochem., 98: 1185-1195.
PubMed  |  

Uchiyama, S. and M. Yamaguchi, 2006. Oral administration of β-cryptoxanthin prevents bone loss in ovariectomized rats. Int. J. Mol. Med., 17: 15-20.
PubMed  |  

Welshons, W.V., C.S. Murphy, R. Koch, G. Calaf and V.C. Jordan, 1987. Stimulation of breast cancer cells in vitro by the environmental estrogen enterolactone and the phytoestrogen equol. Breast Cancer Res. Treat., 10: 169-175.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Yamaguchi, M. and S. Uchiyama, 2003. Effect of carotenoid on calcium content and alkaline phosphatase activity in rat femoral tissues in vitro: The unique anabolic effect of β-cryptoxanthin. Biol. Pharm. Bull., 26: 1188-1191.
PubMed  |  

Yamaguchi, M. and S. Uchiyama, 2004. β-Criptoxanthin stimulates bone formation and inhibits bone resorption in tissue culture in vitro. Mol. Cell Biochem., 258: 137-144.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Yano, M., M. Kato, Y. Ikoma, A. Kawasaki and Y. Fukazawa et al., 2005. Quantitation of carotenoids in raw and processed fruits in Japan. Food Sci. Technol. Res., 11: 13-18.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |