References

Amihud, Y., S.B. Kamin and J. Ronen, 1983. Managerialism, iownerism and risk. J. Banking Finance, 7: 189-189.

Azmi, I.M., 2014. Intellectual property policy and academic patenting in Malaysia: Challenges and prospects. Pertanika J. Social Sci. Humanities, 22: 1-20.
Direct Link  |  

Barney, J.B. and W. Hesterly, 1999. Organizational Economics: Understanding the Relationship Between Organizations and Economic Analysis. In: Studying Organization: Theory and Method. Clegg, S.R., C. Hardy, W.R. Nord (Eds.). SAGE Publication, London, England, pp: 109-141.

Baysinger, B. and R. Hoskisson, 1990. The composition of boards of directors and strategic control: Effects on corporate strategy. Acad. Manage. Rev., 15: 72-87.
Direct Link  |  

Beatty, R.P. and E.J. Zajac, 1994. Managerial incentives, monitoring and risk bearing: A study of executive compensation, ownership and board structure in initial public offerings. Administrative Sci. Q., 39: 313-335.

Bond, R. and L. Paterson, 2005. Coming down from the ivory tower? Academics civic and economic engagement with the community. Oxford Rev. Educ., 31: 331-351.

Coffee, J.C. Jr, 1988. Shareholders Versus Managers: The Strain in the Corporate Web. In: Knights, Raiders and Targets: The Impact of the Hostile Takeover, Coffee, J.C. Jr., L. Lowenstein and S. Rose-Ackerman (Eds.). Oxford University Press, New York, USA., pp: 77-134.

Eisenhardt, K.M., 1989. Agency theory: An assessment and review. Acad. Manage. Rev., 14: 57-74.
CrossRef  |  

Etzkowitz, H., 2003. Research groups as quasi-firms: The invention of the entrepreneurial university. Res. Policy, 32: 109-121.
Direct Link  |  

Fairlie, R.W. and W. Holleran, 2012. Entrepreneurship training, risk aversion and other personality traits: Evidence from a random experiment. J. Econ. Psychol., 33: 366-378.
CrossRef  |  

Farsi, J.Y., M. Modarresi, M. Motavaseli and A. Salamzadeh, 2014. Institutional factors affecting academic entrepreneurship: The case of University of Tehran. Econ. Anal., 47: 139-159.
Direct Link  |  

Harman, G., 1999. Australian science and technology academics and university-industry research links. Higher Educ., 38: 83-103.

Ismail, K., C. Mason and S. Cooper, 2010. University spin-off formations: How decision making process has been made?. Intl. J. Bus. Soc. Sci., 1: 103-123.
Direct Link  |  

Jencks, C. and D. Reisman, 1968. The Academic Revolution. Doubleday, New York, USA.,.

Jensen, R.A., J.G. Thursby and M.C. Thursby, 2003. Disclosure and licensing of University inventions: The best we can do with the St we get to work with. Intl. J. Ind. Organiz., 21: 1271-1300.
Direct Link  |  

Kim, J., T.U. Daim and T.R. Anderson, 2009. University technology transfer: A conceptual model of impacting factors and phased process. Proceedings of the Portland International Conference on Management of Engineering and Technology PICMET 2009, August 2-6, 2009, IEEE, Portland, Oregon, ISBN:978-1-890843-20-5, pp: 2798-2811.

Lambert, R., 2003. Lambert Review of Business-University Collaboration. HM Treasury Statistical Publication, London, England,.

Landry, R., N. Amara and I. Rherrad, 2006. Why are some university researchers more likely to create spin-offs than others? Evidence from Canadian universities. Res. Policy, 35: 1599-1615.
Direct Link  |  

Li, C.Y., 2012. The influence of entrepreneurial orientation on technology commercialization: The moderating roles of technological turbulence and integration. Afr. J. Bus. Manage., 6: 370-387.
Direct Link  |  

Martin, B.C., J.J. McNally and M.J. Kay, 2013. Examining the formation of human capital in entrepreneurship: A meta-analysis of entrepreneurship education outcomes. J. Bus. Venturing, 28: 211-224.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Morales-Gualdron, S.T., A. Gutierrez-Gracia and S.R. Dobon, 2009. The entrepreneurial motivation in academia: A multidimensional construct. Intl. Entrepreneurship Manage. J., 5: 301-317.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Pernia, J.L.G., G. Kuechle and P.I. Legazkue, 2013. An assessment of the determinants of university technology transfer. Econ. Dev. Q., 27: 6-17.
Direct Link  |  

Strandburg, K.J., 2005. Curiosity-Driven Research and University Technology Transfer. In: University Entrepreneurship and Technology Transfer, Libecap, G.D. (Ed.). Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Bingley, UK., ISBN:978-0-76231-230-6, pp: 93-122.

Thursby, J.G., R. Jensen and M.C. Thursby, 2001. Objectives, characteristics and outcomes of university licensing: A survey of major US universities. J. Technol. Transfer, 26: 59-72.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Tosi, H.L. and L.R. Gomez-Mejia, 1989. The decoupling of CEO pay and performance: An agency theory perspective. Adminis. Sci. Quart., 34: 169-189.
Direct Link  |  

Veysey, L., 1965. The Emergence of the American University. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois, Pages: 505.

Williamson, O.E., 1963. Managerial discretion and business behavior. Am. Econ. Rev., 53: 1032-1057.
Direct Link  |  

Wiseman, R.M. and L.R. Gomez-Mejia, 1998. A behavioral agency model of managerial risk taking. Acad. Manage. Rev., 23: 133-153.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Yin, R.K., 2013. Case Study Research: Design and Methods. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, California,.