International Journal of Tropical Medicine

Year: 2011
Volume: 6
Issue: 3
Page No. 44 - 51

Anopheles Species Diversity and Breeding Habitat Distribution and the Prospect for Focused Malaria Control in the Western Highlands of Kenya

Authors : C.S. Mulambalah, D.N. Siamba, M.M. Ngeiywa and J.M. Vulule

References

Anthony, T.G., R.E. Harbach and I.J. Kitching, 1999. Phylogeny of the pyretophorus series of Anopheles subgenus Cellia (Diptera:Culicidae). Syst. Entomol., 24: 193-205.
CrossRef  |  

Balls, M., R. Bodker, C.J. Thomas, W. Kisinza, H.A. Msangeni and S.W. Lindsay, 2004. Effect of topography on the risk of malaria infection in the Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hygiene, 98: 400-408.
PubMed  |  

Bang, Y.H., F.M. Mrope and I.B. Sabuni, 1977. Changes in mosquito populations associated with urbanization in Tanzania. East Afr. Med. J., 54: 403-410.
PubMed  |  

Bang, Y.H., I.B. Mrope and R.J. Sabuni, 1975. Integrated control of urban mosquitoes in Dar-es-salaam using community sanitation supplemented by larviciding. East Afr. Med. J., 52: 578-588.
PubMed  |  

Besansky, N.J., 1999. Complexities in the analysis of cryptic taxa within the genus Anopheles. Parasitologia, 41: 97-100.
PubMed  |  

Bodker, R., J. Akida, D. Shayo, W. Kisinza, H.A. Msangani, E.M. Pederson and S.W. Lindsay, 2003. Relationship between altitude and intensity of malaria transmission in the Usambara Mountains, Tanzania. J. Med. Entomol., 40: 706-717.
PubMed  |  

Charlwood, J.D., R. Thompson and H. Madsen, 2003. Observations on the swarmingand mating behavior of Anopheles funestus from Southern Mozambique. Malaria J., 2: 2-2.
PubMed  |  

Chen, H., A.K. Githeko, G. Zhou, J.I Githure and G. Yan, 2006. New records of Anopheles arabiensis breeding on Mount Kenya highlands indicate indigenous malaria transmission. Malaria J., 5: 17-21.
Direct Link  |  

Chrispinus, M.S., S.N. Donald and N.M. Moses and M.V. John, 2011. Targeted indoor insecticide and malaria control in the western highlands of Kenya. J. Infect. Dis. Immunity, 3: 50-58.
Direct Link  |  

Coetzee, M., 1983. Chromosomal and cross-mating evidence for two species with Anopheles (A) Coustani (Diptera: Culicidae). Syst. Entomol., 8: 137-141.
CrossRef  |  

Coetzee, M., 1994. Anopheles crypticus, new species from South Africa is distinguished from Anopheles coustani (Diptera: Culicidae). Mosquito Syst., 26: 125-131.

Collins, F.H. and N. Besansky, 1994. Vector biology and the control of malaria in Africa. Science, 264: 1874-1875.

Collins, F.H., V. Petrarca, S. Mpofu, A.D. Brandling-Bennett, J.B. Were, M.O. Rasmussen and V. Finnerty, 1988. Comparison of DNA probe and cytogenetic methods for identifying field collected Anopheles gambiae complex mosquitoes. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hygiene, 39: 545-550.
PubMed  |  

Duffy, J., 1977. Ventures in the World Health. The Memoirs of Fred Lowe Soper. Pan American Health Organization, Washington, DC.

Ernst, K.C., S.O. Adoka, D.O. Kowour, M.L. Wilson and C.C. John, 2006. Malaria hotspot areas in a highland Kenya site are consistent in epidemic and non-epidemic years and are associated with ecological factors. Malaria J., 5: 78-82.
Direct Link  |  

Gillies, M.T. and B. De Meillon, 1968. The Anophelinae of Africa south of the Sahara (Ethiopian Zoogeographical Region). 2nd Edn., South Africa Institute for Medical Research, Johannesburg, South Africa, Pages: 343.

Gillies, M.T. and M. Coetzee, 1987. A Supplement to the Anophelinae of Africa South of the Sahara (Afrotropical Region). South African Institute for Medical Research, Johannesburg, ISBN-13: 9780620103213, Pages: 143.

Gimnig, J.E., M. Ombok, L. Kamau and W.A. Hawley, 2001. Characteristics of Anopheline (Diptera:Culicidae) habitats in western Kenya. J. Med. Entomol., 38: 282-288.
PubMed  |  

Githeko, A.K., J.M. Ayisi, P.K. Odada, F.K. Atieli, B.A. Ndenga, J.I. Githure and G. Yan, 2006. Topography and malaria transmission heterogeneity in western Kenya highlands: Prospects for focal control. Malaria J., 5: 107-107.
PubMed  |  

Gordon, S.W., R.F. Tammariello, K.J. Lincithicum, D.J. Dohm, J.P. Digoutte and M.A. Calvo-Wilson, 1992. Arbovirus isolation from mosquitoes collected during 1988 in the Senegal River Basin. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hygiene, 47: 742-748.
PubMed  |  

John, C.C., B.D. Byrd and F.X. Omlin, 2004. Field assessments in western Kenya link malaria vectors to environmentally disturbed habitats during dry season. BMC Public Health, 4: 33-33.
PubMed  |  

Kamau, L., N. Mulaya and J.M. Vulule, 2006. Evaluation of potential role of Anopheles ziemanni in malaria transmission in Western Kenya. J. Med. Entomol., 43: 774-776.
PubMed  |  

Khamala, C.P.M., 1971. The biting flies of the Kano plains, Kenya: Part II. Larval habitats of common mosquito species (Diptera: Culicidae). Bull. Entomol. Res., 61: 299-307.

Kitron, U. and A. Spielman, 1989. Suppression of transmission of malaria through source reduction: anti-anopheline measures applied in Israel, United States and Italy. Rev. Infect. Dis., 11: 391-406.
PubMed  |  

Koenraadt, C.J.M., 2003. Mosquitoes, men and malaria in Kenya: A study on ecological factors affecting malaria risk. Ph.D. Thesis, Wageningen University, Netherlands

Lindblade, K.A., E.D. Walker, A.W. Onapa, J. Kitungu and M.L. Wilson, 2000. Land-use change alters malaria transmission parameters by modifying temperature in a highland area of Uganda. Trop. Med. Int. Health, 5: 263-274.
Direct Link  |  

Logan, T.M., K.J. Linthicum, P.C. Thande, J.N. Wagateh and C.R. Roberts, 1991. Mosquito species collected from a marsh in western Kenya during the long rains. J. Am. Mosq. Control Assoc., 7: 395-399.
Direct Link  |  

Minakawa, N., C.M. Mutero, J.I. Githure, J.C. Beier and G. Yan, 1999. Spatial distribution and habitat characterization of Anopheline mosquitoes in western Kenya. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hygiene, 61: 1010-1016.
PubMed  |  

Minakawa, N., G. Sonye, M. Mogi and G. Yan, 2004. Habitat characterization of Anopheles gambiae Ss. larvae in a Kenyan highland. Med. Vet. Entomol., 18: 301-305.
PubMed  |  

Minakawa, N., G. Sonye, M. Mogi, A. Githeko and G. Yan, 2002. The effects of climate factors on the distribution and abundance of malaria vectors in Kenya. J. Med. Entomol., 39: 833-841.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Minakawa, N., P. Seda and G. Yan, 2002. Influence of host and larval habitat distribution on the abundance of African malaria vectors in western Kenya. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 67: 32-38.
Direct Link  |  

Muriu, S.M., E.J. Muturi, J.I. Shililu, C.M. Mbogo and J.M. Mwangangi et al., 2008. Host choices and multiple blood feeding behavior of malaria vectors and other anophelines in Mwea rice Scheme, Kenya. Malaria J., 7: 43-49.
PubMed  |  

Nkuo-Akenji, T., N.N. Ntonifor, M.B. Ndukum, H.K. Kimbi and E.L. Abongwa et al., 2006. Environmental factors affecting malaria parasite prevalence in rural Bolifamba, South-West Cameroon. Afr. J. Health Sci., 13: 40-46.
Direct Link  |  

Oyewole, I.O., T.S. Awolola, C.A. Ibidabo, A.O. Oduola, O.O. Okwa and J.A. Obansa, 2007. Behavior and population dynamics of major anopheline vectors in a malaria endemic area in southern Nigeria. J. Vector Borne Dis., 44: 56-64.
PubMed  |  

Patz, J.A., T.K. Graczyk, N. Geller and A.Y. Vitter, 2000. Effects of environmental change on emerging parasitic diseases. Int. J. Parasitol., 30: 1395-1405.
PubMed  |  

Petrarca, V., J.C. Beier, F. Onyanngo, J. Koros, C. Asiago, D.K. Koech and C.R. Roberts, 1991. The species composition of Anopheles gambiae complex (Diptera: Culicidae) at two sites in western Kenya. J. Med. Entomol., 28: 307-313.
PubMed  |  

Powell, J.R., V.A. Petrarca, D. Torre, A. Caccone and M. Coluzzi, 1999. Population structure, speciation, and introgression in the Anopheles gambiae complex. Parasitologia, 41: 101-113.
PubMed  |  

Roberts, J.M.D., 1964. The control of epidemic malaria in the highlands of western Kenya. Part III. After the campaign. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 67: 230-237.

Scott, J.A., W.G. Brogdon and F.H. Collins, 1993. Identification of single specimens of the Anopheles gambiae complex by the polymerase chain reaction. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hygiene, 49: 520-529.

Service, M.W., G.P. Joshi and G.D. Pradhan, 1977. A survey of Anopheles gambiae (species A) and Anopheles arabiensis (species B) of Anopheles gambiae complex in Kisumu area following insecticidal spraying with OMS-43 (Fenitrothion). Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol., 72: 377-386.

Soper, F.L. and D.B. Wilson, 1943. Anopheles gambiae in Brazil: 1930-1940. Rockfeller Foundation, New York.

WHO, 1975. Manual on Practical Entomology in Malaria. Part II. Methods and Techniques. Vol. 3, World Health Organisation, Geneva, pp: 1-197.

WHO, 1998. Global malaria programme. WHO/MAL/98.1084.

WHO, 2010. WHO global malaria programme. World Malaria Report, 2010. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2010/9789241564106_eng.pdf.

Walsh, J.F., D.H. Molyneaux and M.H. Birley, 1993. Deforestation: Effects on vector-borne diseases. Parasitology, 106: 55-75.
PubMed  |  

Washburn, J.O., 1995. Regulatory factors affecting larval mosquito populations in container and pool habitats: Implications for biological control. J. Am. Mosquito Control Assoc., 11: 279-283.
PubMed  |  

Williams, M.C., J.P. Woodall, P.S. Corbet and J.D. Gillet, 1965. O'nyong nyong fever: An epidemic virus disease in East Africa. VIII. Virus isolation from Anopheles mosquitoes. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hygiene, 59: 300-306.

Design and power by Medwell Web Development Team. © Medwell Publishing 2024 All Rights Reserved