International Journal of Tropical Medicine
Year:
2013
Volume:
8
Issue:
3
Page No.
71 - 80
References
Abdel-Salam, E. and M. Abdel-Fatah, 1977. Prevalence and morbidity of
Schistosoma haematobium in Egyptian children. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 26: 463-469.
PubMed | Bradley, D.J. and F.S. McCullough, 1973. Egg output stability and the epidemiology of
Schistosoma haematobium Part II. An analysis of the epidemiology of endemic
S. haematobium. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 67: 491-500.
CrossRef | Direct Link | Brooker, S., E.A. Miguel, P. Waswa, R. Namunyu, S. Moulin, H. Guyatt and D.A.P. Bundy, 2001. The potential of rapid screening methods for
Schistosoma mansoni in western Kenya. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol., 95: 343-351.
Direct Link | Chan, M.S., G.F. Medley, D.K. Jamieson and D.A.P. Bundy, 1994. The evaluation of potential global morbidity attribute to intestinal nematode infections. Parasitology, 109: 373-387.
CrossRef | PubMed | Chitsulo, L., D. Engels, A. Montresor and L. Savioli, 2000. The global status of schistosomiasis and its control. Acta Tropica, 77: 41-51.
CrossRef | PubMed | Direct Link | Dalton, P.R. and D. Pole, 1978. Water-contact patterns in relation to
Schistosoma haematobium infection. Bull. World Health Org., 56: 417-426.
PubMed | Direct Link | De Silva, N.R., S. Brooker, P.J. Hotez, A. Montresor, D. Engels and L. Svioli, 2003. Soil-transmitted helmeinth infections: Updating the global picture. Trends Parasitol., 19: 547-551.
Direct Link | El Kholy, H., T.K. Arap Siongok, D. Koech, R.F. Sturrock, H. Houser, C.H. King and A.A. Mahmoud, 1989. Effects of borehole wells on water utilization in
Schistosoma haematobium endemic communities in Coast Province, Kenya. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 41: 212-219.
PubMed | Direct Link | El-Gendy, S.D., A.M. Osman and M.M. Al-Sherbiny, 1999. Epidemiology and immunodiagnosis of schistosomiasis haematobium in a low endemic area in Egypt. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol., 29: 229-246.
PubMed | Engels, D., L. Chitsulo, A. Montresor and L. Savioli, 2002. The global epidemiological situation of schistosomiasis and new approaches to control and research. Acta Tropica, 82: 139-146.
CrossRef | Esrey, S.A. and J.P. Habicht, 1986. Epidemiologic evidence for health benefits from improved water and sanitation in developing countries. Epidemiol. Rev., 8: 117-128.
PubMed | Esrey, S.A., 1996. Waste, water and well-being: A multicountry study. Am. J. Epidemiol., 143: 608-623.
Direct Link | Esrey, S.A., J.B. Potash, L. Roberts and C. Shiff, 1991. Effects of improved water supply and sanitation on ascariasis, diarrhoea, dracunculiasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis and trachoma. Bull. World Health Organ., 69: 609-621.
PubMed | Esrey, S.A., R.G. Feachem and J.M. Hughes, 1985. Interventions for the control of diarrhoeal diseases among young children: Improving water supplies and excreta disposal facilities. Bull. World Health Org., 63: 757-772.
PubMed | Etard, J.F., M. Audibert and A. Dabo, 1995. Age-acquired resistance and predisposition to reinfection with
Schistosoma haematobium after treatment with praziquantel in Mali. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 52: 549-558.
PubMed | Farooq, M., 1973. Historical Development. In: Epidemiology and Control of Schistosomiasis (Bilharziasis), Ansari, N. (Ed.). S. Karger, Basel, Switzerland, pp: 1-16..
Fulford, A.J., M. Webster, J.H. Ouma, G. Kimani and D.W. Dunne, 1998. Puberty and age-related changes in susceptibility to schistosome infection. Parasitol. Today, 14: 23-26.
CrossRef | PubMed | Handzel, T., D.M. Karanja, D.G. Addiss, A.W. Hightower and D.H. Rosen
et al., 2003. Geographic distribution of schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths in Western Kenya: Implications for anthelminthic mass treatment. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 69: 318-323.
PubMed | Highton, R.B., 1974. Schistosomiasis. In: Health and Disease in Kenya, Vogel, C.G., A.S. Muller, R.S. Odingo, Z. Onyango and A. De Geus (Eds.). East African Literature Bureau, Nairobi, Kenya, pp: 314-355.
Iarotski, L.S. and A. Davis, 1981. The schistosomiasis problem in the world: Results of a WHO questionnaire survey. Bull World Health Organ, 59: 115-127.
Direct Link | Jordan, P., G. Webbe and R.F. Sturrock, 1993. Human Schistosomiasis. CAB International University Press, Wallingford, UK., pp: 1-138.
King, C.L., F.D. Miller, M. Hussein, R. Barkat and A.S. Monto, 1982. Prevalence and intensity of
Schistosoma haematobium infection in six villages of upper Egypt. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 31: 320-327.
PubMed | Kinoti, G.K., 1971. The epidemiology of
Schistosoma haematobium infection in the Kano plains of Kenya. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 65: 637-645.
PubMed | Kloos, H., A. Gazzinelli and P. van Zuyle, 1998. Microgeographical patterns of schistosomiasis and water contact behavior: Examples from Africa and Brazil. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo. Cruz, 93: 37-50.
PubMed | Lengeler, C., J. Utzinger and M. Tanner, 2002. Questionnaires for rapid screening of schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa. Bull. World Health Organ., 80: 235-242.
PubMed | Direct Link | Lima e Costa, M.F., R.S. Rocha, M.L. Leite, R.G. Carneiro, D. Colley, G. Gazzinelli and N. Katz, 1991. A multivariate analysis of socio-demographic factors, water contact patterns and
Schistosoma mansoni infection in an endemic area in Brazil. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo, 33: 58-63.
PubMed | Direct Link | Loum, C., 1974. A preliminary report on epidemiology and control of Schistosomiasis in Kisagara. East Afr. J. Med. Res., 1: 125-131.
Lwambo, N.J.S., J.E. Siza, S. Brooker, D.A.P. Bundy and H. Guyatt, 1999. Patterns of concurrent infection with hookworm and schistosomiasis in school children in Tanzania. Trans. Roy. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 93: 497-502.
CrossRef | Direct Link | Masaba, C.R., 1983. Consequences of
Schistosoma mansoni Infection: A Community Study. In: Diseases of the Tropics: Publications of the 2nd Annual Medical Conference, Nairobi, Kenya 1981, Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) and Kenya Trypanosomiasis Research Institute (KETRI), Tukei, P.M. and A.R. Njogu (Eds.). Africa Book Services (EA), Nairobi, Kenya, pp: 187-190.
Masaba, S., 1978. Schistosomiasis in bunyala and samia locations of Western Kenya. E. Afr. Med. J., 55: 497-500.
PubMed | Direct Link | McCullough, F.H. and D.B. Malorn, 1974. The Uses of Molluscides in East Africa. Past, Present and Future Potential. In: The Use and Abuse of Drugs and Chemicals in Tropical Africa: Proceedings of the 1973 Annual Scientific Conference of the East African Medical Research Council, Bagshawe, A.F., G. Maina and E.N. Mngola, East African Literature Bureau, Nairobi, pp: 173-186.
McCullough. F.S., G. Webbe, S.S. Baalawy and S. Maselle, 1972. An analysis of factors influencing the epidemiology and control of human schistosome infection in Mwanza, Tanzania. East Afr. Med. J., 49: 568-582.
PubMed | Direct Link | Mutahi, W.T. and F.W. Thiongo, 2005. Prevalence and intensity of
Schistosomiasis mansoni in irrigation and non-irrigation areas of central Kenya. East Afr. Med. J., 82: 586-591.
PubMed | Direct Link | Mutinga, M.J. and J.M. Ngoka, 1971. Prevalence of intestinal schistosomiasis in Machakos District, Kenya. East Afr. Med. J., 48: 559-564.
PubMed | Direct Link | Ndyomugyenyi, R. and J.M. Minjas, 2001. Urinary schistosomiasis in schoolchildren in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania and the factors influencing its transmission. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol., 95: 697-706.
PubMed | Direct Link | Phillips-Howard, P.A., B.L. Nahlen, J.A. Alaii, F.O. ter Kuile and J.E. Gimnig
et al., 2003. The efficacy of permethrin treated bed nets on child mortality and morbidity in Western Kenya. I. Development of infrastructure and description of study site. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 68: 3-9.
PubMed | Direct Link | Pugh, R.N., 1979. Malumfashi endemic diseases research project, VII. The importance of young males from the Malumfashi area, northern Nigeria, in the transmission of
Schistosoma haematobium infection. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasit., 73: 189-190.
PubMed | Direct Link | Rudge, J.W., J.R. Stothard, M.G. Basáñez, A.F. Mgeni, I.S. Khamis, A.N. Khamis and D. Rollinson, 2008. Micro-epidemiology of urinary schistosomiasis in Zanzibar: Local risk factors associated with distribution of infections among schoolchildren and relevance for control. Acta Tropica, 105: 45-54.
PubMed | Direct Link | Satayathum, S.A., E.M. Muchiri, J.H. Ouma, C.C. Whalen and C.H. King, 2006. Factors affecting infection or reinfection with
Schistosoma haematobium in coastal Kenya: Survival analysis during a nine-year, school-based treatment program. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 75: 83-92.
PubMed | Direct Link | Schutte, C.H., J.M. van Deventer and T. Lamprecht, 1981. A cross sectional study of the prevalence and intensity of infection with
Schistosoma haematobium in students of Noirthern Kwa Zulu. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 30: 364-372.
PubMed | Direct Link | Shimada, M., M. Hirate, K. Sato, S. Noda and Y. Aok
et al., 1984. Quantitative Observations of
Schistosoma haematobium Infection in Kwale District, Coast Prrovince, Kenya. 1. Water Contact Study and Snail Survey. In: Research on the Gastrointestinal Tract and Associated Organs, Tukei, P.M. (Ed.). Afro Press Ltd., Nairobi, pp: 227-233.
Thiongo, F.W. and J.H. Ouma, 1987. Prevalence of schistosomes and other parasites in taita division of taita-taveta district. East Afr. Med. J., 64: 665-671.
PubMed | Direct Link | Vogel, L.C., A.S. Muller, R.S. Odingo, Z. Onyango and A. De Geus, 1982. Health and Disease in Kenya. 2nd Edn., Kenya Literature Bureau, Nairobi, Pages: 347.
WHO, 1993. The control of schistosomiasis: Report of a WHO expert committee. World Health Organization Technical Report Series, 830.
WHO, 1997. Vector Control: Methods for use by Individuals and Communities. World Health Organization, Geneva, ISBN: 9241544945, pp: 33-356.