References

Aktaş, M., C.E. Saki, K. Altay, S. Sımşek, A.E. Utuk, E. Koroğlu and N. Dumanli, 2005. Survey of Neospora caninum in cattle in some provinces in the Eastern Anatolian region. T�rkiye Parazitol. Derg., 29: 22-25, (In Turkish).
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Bae, J.S., D.Y. Kim, W.S. Hwang, J.H. Kim, N.S. Lee and H.W. Nam, 2000. Detection of IgG antibody against Neospora caninum in cattle in Korea. Kor. J. Parasitol., 38: 245-249.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Bartels, C.J.M., J.I. Arnaiz-Seco, A. Ruiz-Santa-Quitera, C. Bjorkman and J. Frossling et al., 2006. Supranational comparison of Neospora caninum seroprevalences in cattle in Germany, The Netherlands, Spain and Sweden. Vet. Parasitol., 137: 17-27.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

Bergeron, N., G. Fecteau, J. Pare, R. Martineau and A. Villeneuve, 2000. Vertical and horizontal transmission of Neospora caninum in dairy herds in Quebec. Can. Vet. J., 41: 464-467.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Bjorkman, C., O. Johansson, S. Stenlund, O.J. Holmdahl and A. Uggla, 1996. Neospora species infection in a herd of dairy cattle. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 208: 1441-1444.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Caetano-da-Silva, A., I. Ferre, E. Collantes-Fernandez, V. Navarro, G. Aduriz, C. Ugarte-Garagalza and L.M. Ortega-Mora, 2004. Occasional detection of Neospora caninum DNA in frozen extended semen from naturally infected bulls. Theriogenol., 62: 1329-1336.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

Chanlun, A., U. Emanuelson, S. Chanlun, S. Aiumlamai and C. Bjorkman, 2006. Application of repeated bulk milk testing for identification of infection dynamics of Neospora caninum in Thai dairy herds. Vet. Parasitol., 136: 243-250.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

Chavez-Velasquez, A., G. Alvarez-Garcia, E. Collantes-Fernandez, E. Casas-Astos, R. Rosadio-Alcantara, E. Serrano-Martinez and L.M. Ortega-Mora, 2004. First report of Neospora caninum infection in adult alpacas (Vicugna pacos) and llamas (Lama glama). J. Parasitol., 90: 864-866.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Cheah, T.S., J.G. Mattsson, M. Zaini, R.A. Sani, E.B. Jakubek, A. Uggla and P. Chandrawathani, 2004. Isolation of Neospora caninum from a calf in Malaysia. Vet. Parasitol., 126: 263-269.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

Chi, J., J.A. van Leeuwen, A. Weersink and G.P. Keefe, 2002. Management factors related to seroprevalences to bovine viral-diarrhoea virus, bovine-leukosis virus, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and Neospora caninum in dairy herds in the Canadian Maritimes. Prev. Vet. Med., 55: 57-68.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

Cody, R.P. and J.K. Smith, 1991. Applied Statistics and the SAS Programming Language. Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliff, NJ, USA., ISBN-10: 0444016198, Pages: 403.

Dijkstra, T., H.W. Barkema, M. Eysker and W. Wouda, 2001. Evidence of post-natal transmission of Neospora caninum in Dutch dairy herds. Int. J. Parasitol., 31: 209-215.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

Dubey, J.P., D. Buxton and W. Wouda, 2006. Pathogenesis of bovine neosporosis. J. Comp. Pathol., 134: 267-289.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Dubey, J.P., G. Schares and L.M. Ortega-Mora, 2007. Epidemiology and control of Neosporosis and Neospora caninum. Clin. Microbiol. Rev., 20: 323-367.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Duong, M.C., S. Alenius, L.T.T. Huong and C. Bjorkman, 2008. Prevalence of Neospora caninum and bovine viral diarrhoea virus in dairy cows in Southern Vietnam. Vet. J., 175: 390-394.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

Ferre, I., G. Aduriz, I. del-Pozo, J. Regidor-Cerrillo and R. Atxaerandio et al., 2005. Detection of Neospora caninum in the semen and blood of naturally infected bulls. Theriogenology, 63: 1504-1518.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

Frossling, J., A. N�dtvedt, A. Lindberg and C. Bjorkman, 2008. Spatial analysis of Neospora caninum distribution in dairy cattle from Sweden. Geospat. Health, 3: 39-45.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Frossling, J., A. Uggla and C. Bjorkman, 2005. Prevalence and transmission of Neospora caninum within infected Swedish dairy herds. Vet. Parasitol., 128: 209-218.
PubMed  |  

Garcia-Vazquez, Z., R. Rosario-Cruz, A. Ramos-Arag�n, C. Cruz-Vazquez and G. Mapes-Sanchez, 2005. Neospora caninum seropositivity and association with abortions in dairy cows in Mexico. Vet. Parasitol., 134: 61-65.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

Garcia-Vazquez, Z., R. Rosario-Cruz, F. Mejia-Estrada, I. Rodriguez-Vivas, D. Romero-Salas, M. Fernandez-Ruvalcaba and C. Cruz-Vazquez, 2009. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum antibodies in beef cattle in three Southern states of Mexico. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 41: 749-753.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Garc�a-Melo, D.P., J. Regidor-Cerrillo, L.M. Ortega-Mora, E. Collantes-Fernandez, V.S.F. de Oliveira, M.A.P. de Oliveira and A.C. da Silva, 2009. Isolation and biological characterisation of a new isolate of Neospora caninum from an asymptomatic calf in Brazil. Acta Parasitol., 54: 180-185.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Ghanem, M.E., T. Suzuki, M. Akita and M. Nishibori, 2009. Neospora caninum and complex vertebral malformation as possible causes of bovine fetal mummification. Can. Vet. J., 50: 389-392.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Gondim, L.F.P., M.M. McAllister, W.C. Pitt and D.E. Zemlicka, 2004. Coyotes (Canis latrans) are definitive hosts of Neospora caninum. Int. J. Parasitol., 34: 159-161.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Gonzalez-Warleta, M., J.A. Castro-Hermida, C. Carro-Corral, J. Cortizo-Mella and M. Mezo, 2008. Epidemiology of neosporosis in dairy cattle in Galicia (NW Spain). Parasitol. Res., 102: 243-249.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Hall, C.A., M.P. Reichel and J.T. Ellis, 2005. Neospora abortions in dairy cattle: Diagnosis, mode of transmission and control. Vet. Parasitol., 128: 231-241.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Hall, C.A., M.P. Reichel and J.T. Ellis, 2006. Prevalence of Neospora caninum infection in Australian (NSW) dairy cattle estimated by a newly validated ELISA for milk. Vet. Parasitol., 142: 173-178.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

Huong, L.T., B.L. Ljungstrom, A. Uggla and C. Bjorkman, 1998. Prevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in cattle and water buffaloes in Southern Vietnam. Vet. Parasitol., 75: 53-57.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Innes, E.A., S. Wright, P. Bartley, S. Maley, C. Macaldowie, I. Esteban-Redondo and D. Buxton, 2005. The host-parasite relationship in bovine neosporosis. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol., 108: 29-36.
PubMed  |  

I�a, A., A. Yildirim, O. Duzlu and A. Inci, 2006. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in cattle in the region of Kayseri. Turkiye Parazitol. Derg., 30: 92-94, (In Turkish).
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Kamga-Waladjo, A.R., O.B. Gbati, P. Kone, R.A. Lapo and G. Chatagnon et al., 2009. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum antibodies and its consequences for reproductive parameters in dairy cows from Dakar�Senegal, West Africa. Trop. Anim. Health Prod. 10.1007/s11250-009-9513-6

Keefe, G.P. and J.A. VanLeeuwen, 2000. Neospora then and now: prevalence of Neospora caninum in maritime Canada in 1979, 1989 and 1998. Can. Vet. J., 41: 864-866.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Kim, J.H., J.K. Lee, E.K. Hwang and D.Y. Kim, 2002. Prevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum in Korean native beef cattle. J. Vet. Med. Sci., 64: 941-943.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Koiwai, M., T. Hamaoka, M. Haritani, S. Shimizu, K. Kimura and I. Yamane, 2005. Proportion of abortions due to neosporosis among dairy cattle in Japan. J. Vet. Med. Sci., 67: 1173-1175.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Konnai, S., C.N. Mingala, M. Sato, N.S. Abes, F.A. Venturina and C.A. Gutierrez et al., 2008. A survey of abortifacient infectious agents in livestock in Luzon, the Philippines, with emphasis on the situation in a cattle herd with abortion problems. Acta Trop., 105: 269-273.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

Kul, O., N. Kabakci, K. Yildiz, N. Ocal, H. Kalender and N.A. Ilkme, 2009. Neospora caninum associated with epidemic abortions in dairy cattle: The first clinical neosporosis report in Turkey. Vet. Parasitol., 159: 69-72.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

Made-Damriyasa, I., G. Schares and C. Bauer, 2010. Seroprevalence of antibodies to Neospora caninum in Bos javanicus (Bali cattle) from Indonesia. Trop. Anim. Health Prod., 42: 95-98.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

McAllister, M.M., J.P. Dubey, D.S. Lindsay, W.R. Jolley, R.A. Wills and A.M. McGuire, 1998. Dogs are definitive hosts of Neospora caninum. Int. J. Parasitol., 28: 1473-1479.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

McNamee, P.T., A.J. Trees, F. Guy, D. Moffett and D. Kilpatrick, 1996. Diagnosis and prevalence of neosporosis in cattle in Northern Ireland. Vet. Rec., 138: 419-420.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Moore, D.P., 2005. Neosporosis in South America. Vet. Parasitol., 127: 87-97.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

Morales, S.E., L.J. Ram�rez, T.F. Trigo, V.F. Ibarra, C.E. Puente and M. Santa Cruz, 1997. Descripcion de un caso de aborto bovino asociado a infeccion por Neospora sp.en Mexico. Vet. Mex., 28: 353-357.
Direct Link  |  

Morales, S.E., T.F. Trigo, F. Ibarra, C.E. Puente and M. Santacruz, 2001. Seroprevalence study of bovine neosporosis in Mexico. J. Vet. Diagn. Invest., 13: 413-415.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Moskwa, B. and W. Cabaj, 2003. Neospora caninum: A newly recognised agent causing spontaneous abortion in Polish cattle. Medycyna Weterynaryjna, 59: 23-26, (In Polish).
Direct Link  |  

Reichel, M.P., 1998. Prevalence of Neospora antibodies in New Zealand dairy cattle and dogs. N. Z. Vet. J., 46: 38-38.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Rinaldi, L., G. Fusco, V. Musella, V. Veneziano, A. Guarino, R. Taddei and G. Cringoli, 2005. Neospora caninum in pastured cattle: Determination of climatic, environmental, farm management and individual animal risk factors using remote sensing and geographical information systems. Vet. Parasitol., 128: 219-230.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

Rodrigues, A.A.R., S.M. Gennari, D.M. Aguiar, C. Sreekumar and D.E. Hill et al., 2004. Shedding of Neospora caninum oocysts by dogs fed tissues from naturally infected water buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis) from Brazil. Vet. Parasitol., 124: 139-150.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

Salinas, M.J.A., J.J.G. Mora, J.J.R. Zarate, V.M. V. Riojas and G.V. Hernandez et al., 2005. Frecuencia de anticuerpos contra Neospora caninum en ganado bovino del noreste de Mexico. Vet. Mex., 36: 303-311.
Direct Link  |  

Stenlund, S., H. Kindahl, A. Uggla and C. Bjorkman, 2003. A long-term study of Neospora caninum infection in a Swedish dairy herd. Acta Vet. Scand., 44: 63-71.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Trees, A.J. and D.J. Williams, 2005. Endogenous and exogenous transplacental infection in Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii. Trends Parasitol., 21: 558-561.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

Van Leeuwen, J.A., A. Tiwari, J.C. Plaizier and T.L. Whiting, 2006. Seroprevalences of antibodies against bovine leukemia virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and Neospora caninum in beef and dairy cattle in Manitoba. Can. Vet. J., 47: 783-786.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Van Leeuwen, J.A., L.A. Forsythe, A. Tiwari and R. Chartier, 2005. Seroprevalence of antibodies against bovine leukemia virus, bovine viral diarrhea virus, Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and Neospora caninum in dairy cattle in Saskatchewan. Can. Vet. J., 46: 56-58.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Varcasia, A., G. Capelli, A. Ruiu, M. Ladu, A. Scala and C. Bjorkman, 2006.. Prevalence of Neospora caninum infection in Sardinian dairy farms (Italy) detected by iscom ELISA on tank bulk milk. Parasitol. Res., 98: 264-267.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Venturini, M.C., L. Venturini, D. Bacigalupe, M. Machuca and I. Echaide et al., 1999. Neospora caninum infections in bovine foetuses and dairy cows with abortions in Argentina. Int. J. Parasitol., 29: 1705-1708.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

Waldner, C.L., J. Henderson, J.T. Wu, R. Coupland and E.Y. Chow, 2001. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in beef cattle in Northern Alberta. Can. Vet. J., 42: 130-132.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Wapenaar, W., H.W. Barkema, J.A. van Leeuwen, J.T. McClure and R.M. O'Handley et al., 2007. Comparison of serological methods for the diagnosis of Neospora caninum infection in cattle. Vet. Parasitol., 143: 166-173.
PubMed  |  

Woodbine, K.A., G.F. Medley, S.J. Moore, A. Ramirez-Villaescusa, S. Mason and L.E. Green, 2008. A four year longitudinal sero-epidemiology study of Neospora caninum in adult cattle from 114 cattle herds in South West England: Associations with age, herd and dam-offspring pairs. BMC Vet. Res., 4: 35-35.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Wouda, W., A.R. Moen and Y.H. Schukken, 1998. Abortion risk in progeny of cows after a Neospora caninum epidemic. Theriogenology, 49: 1311-1316.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Yildiz, K., O. Kul, C. Babur, S. Kilic, A.N. Gazyagci, B. Celebi and I.S. Gurcan, 2009. Seroprevalence of Neospora caninum in dairy cattle ranches with high abortion rate: Special emphasis to serologic co-existence with Toxoplasma gondii, Brucella abortus and Listeria monocytogenes. Vet. Parasitol., 164: 306-310.
PubMed  |