References

Brouillette, E., M. Hyodo, Y. Hayakawa, D.K. Karaolis and F. Malouin, 2005. 3’ ,5’-cyclic diguanylic acid reduces the virulence of Staphylococcus aureus biofilm-forming strains in a mouse model of mastitis infection. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 49: 3109-3113.
PubMed  |  

Bumstead, N., R.L. Reece and J.K.A. Cook, 1993. Genetic differences in susceptibility of chicken lines to infection with infectious bursal disease virus. Poult. Sci., 72: 403-410.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

CCAC., 1993. Guide to the Care and Use of Experimental Animals. Vol. 2, Canadian Council on Animal Care, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Ebensen, T., K. Shulze, P. Riese, M. Morr and C.A. Guzman, 2007. The bacterial second messenger c-di-GMP exhibits promising activity as a mucosal adjuvant. Clin. Vaccine Immunol., 14: 952-958.
CrossRef  |  

Emadi, M., F. Jahanshiri, K. Kaveh, M. Hair-Bejo, A. Ideris and A.R. Alimon, 2011. Nutrition and immunity: The effects of the combination of arginine and tryptophan on growth performance, serum parameters and immune response in broiler chickens challenged with infectious bursal disease vaccine. Avian Pathol., 40: 63-72.
PubMed  |  

Fagarasan, S, and T. Honjo, 2003. Intestinal iga synthesis: Regulation of front-line body defenses. Nat. Rev. Immunol., 3: 63-72.
PubMed  |  

Hirai, K. and B.W. Calnek, 1976. In vitro replication of infectious bursal disease virus in established lymphoid cell lines and chicken B lymphocytes. Infect. Immun., 25: 964-970.
PubMed  |  

Hoerr, F.J., 2010. Clinical aspects of immunosuppression in poultry. Avian Dis., 54: 2-15.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Hu, D.L., K. Narita, M. Hyodo, Y. Hayakawa, A. Nakane and D.K.R. Karaolis, 2009. C-di-GMP as a vaccine adjuvant enhances protection against systemic methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. Vaccine, 27: 4867-4873.
PubMed  |  

Jenal, U. and J. Malone, 2006. Mechanisms of cyclic-di-GMP signaling in bacteria. Annu. Rev. Genet., 40: 385-407.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Karaolis, D.K.R., M.H. Rashid, R. Chythanya, W. Luo, M. Hyodo and Y. Hayakawa, 2005. c-di-GMP (3’-5’-cyclic diguanylic acid) inhibits Staphylococcus aureus cell-cell interactions and biofilm formation. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 49: 1029-1038.
Direct Link  |  

Karaolis, D.K.R., T.K. Means, D. Yang, M. Takahashi and T. Yoshimura et al., 2007. Bacterial c-di-GMP is an immunostimulatory molecule. J. Immunol., 178: 2171-2181.
Direct Link  |  

Kibenge, F.S., A.S. Dhillon and R.G. Russell, 1988. Biochemistry and immunology of infectious bursal disease virus. J. Gen. Virol., 69: 1757-1775.
Direct Link  |  

Koenen, M.E., A.G. Boonstra-Blom and S.H.M. Jeurissen, 2002. Immunological differences between layer and broiler-type chickens. Vet. Immunol. Immunopathol., 89: 47-56.
PubMed  |  

Leusink, G., H. Rempel, B. Skura, M. Berkyto and W. White et al., 2010. Growth performance, meat quality and gut microflora of broiler chickens fed with cranberry extract. Poult. Sci., 89: 1514-1523.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Liu, H., M. Zhang, H. Han, J. Yuan and Z. Li, 2010. Comparison of the expression of cytokine genes in the bursal tissues of the chickens following challenge with infectious bursal disease viruses of varying virulence. Virol. J., 7: 364-364.
PubMed  |  

NRC., 1994. Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. 9th Edn., National Academy Press, Washington, DC., USA., ISBN-13: 9780309048927, Pages: 176.

Ogunniyi, A.D., J.C. Paton, A.C. Kirby, J.A. McCullers and J. Cook et al., 2008. C-di-GMP is an effective immunomodulator and vaccine adjuvant against pneumococcal infection. Vaccine, 26: 4676-4685.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Rajapakse, J.R., M.D. Buddhika, M. Nagataki, H. Nomura, Y. Watanabe, Y. Ikeue and T. Agatsuma, 2010. Effect of sophy β-glucan on immunity and growth performance in broiler chicken. J. Vet. Med. Sci., 72: 1629-1632.
PubMed  |  

Romling, U. and D. Amikam, 2006. Cyclic di-GMP as a second messenger. Curr. Opin. Microbiol., 9: 218-228.
PubMed  |  

SAS, 2000. Statistical Analysis System. 1st Edn., SAS Institute Inc., Cary, United States.

Sharma, J.M., I.J. Kim, S. Rautenschlein and H.Y. Yeh, 2000. Infectious bursal disease virus of chickens: Pathogenesis and immunosuppression. Dev. Comp. Immunol., 24: 223-235.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Snoeck, V., I.R. Peters and E. Cox, 2006. The IgA system: A comparison of structure and function in different species. Vet. Res., 37: 455-467.
PubMed  |  

Suzuki, K., S.A. Ha, M. Tsuji and S. Fagarasan, 2007. Intestinal IgA synthesis: A primitive form of adaptive immunity that regulates microbial communities in the gut. Sem. Immunol., 19: 127-135.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Tang, X.Y., J.S. Gao, F. Yuan, W.X. Zhang, Y.J. Shao, F. Sakurai and Z.D. Li, 2011. Effects of Sophy β-glucan on growth performance, carcass traits, meat composition and immunological responses of Peking ducks. Poult. Sci., 90: 737-745.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Van den Berg, T., 2008. Birnaviridae. In: Poultry Diseases. 6th Edn., Pattison, M., P. McMullin, J.M. Bradbury and D.J. Alexander (Eds.). Saunders Elsevier, Toronto, Canada, pp: 359-366.

Zhao, L., R. KuoLee, G. Harris, K. Tram, H. Yan and W. Chen, 2011. C-di-GMP protects against intranasal Acinetobacter baumannii infection in mice by chemokine induction and enhanced neutrophil recruitment. Inter. Immunopharmacol., 10.1016/j.physletb.2003.10.071