References

Al-Asadi, R.N. and K.K. Al-Kadi, 2012. Non-surgical castration in Bucks a comparative study between chemical castration and external ligation of the spermatic cord. Al-Qadisiya J. Vet. Med. Sci., 11: 92-102.
Direct Link  |  

Al-Kadi, K.K., 2008. Castration of the bucks via comparative study of using single and double ligation of spermatic cord. M.Sc. Thesis, Veterinary Medicine College, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq.

Anderson, N., 2007. Castration of calves. Fact Sheet Animal Science, Ministry of Agriculture Food and Rural Affairs, Ontario, Canada, pp: 1-8.

Baird, A.N. and D.F. Wolfe, 1998. Castration of the Normal Male. In: Large Animal Urogenital Surgery, Wolfe, D.F. and H.D. Moll (Eds.). 2nd Edn. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, MD., USA., pp: 295-301.

Coetzee J.F., A.L. Nutsch, L.A. Barbur and R.M. Bradburn, 2010. A survey of castration methods and associated livestock management practices performed by bovine veterinarians in the United States. BMC Vet. Res., Vol. 6. 10.1186/1746-6148-6-12

Cui, S., Y.F. Chen, H.N. Yue, Y.Q. He and A.S. McNeilly, 2003. Sexual development and the effect of active immunization against GnRH in Chinese Tanyang ram lambs. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 77: 129-139.
Direct Link  |  

Edwards, J.F., 2008. Pathologic conditions of the stallion reproductive tract. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 107: 197-207.
CrossRef  |  

Fazili, M.R., H.K. Bhattacharyya, B.A. Buchoo, M.A. Kirmani, M.M. Darzi and I. Khan, 2009. Evaluation of pinhole castration technique in rams. Small Rumin. Res., 84: 61-64.
CrossRef  |  

Fisher, A.D., M.A. Crowe, M.E.A. de la Vega and W.J. Enright, 1996. Effect of castration method and the provision of local anesthesia on plasma cortisol, scrotal circumference, growth and feed intake of bull calves. J. Anim. Sci., 74: 2336-2343.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Gilbert, R.O. and S.L. Fubini, 2004. Surgery of the Bovine Reproductive System and Urinary Tract. In: Farm Animal Surgery, Fubini, S.L. and N. Duchorme (Eds.). Saunders, USA., pp: 351-427.

Godfrey, S.I., S.W. Walkden-Brown, G.B. Martin and E.J. Speijers, 1996. Immunisation of goat bucks against GnRH to prevent seasonal reproductive and agonistic behaviour. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 44: 41-54.
CrossRef  |  

Hendrickson, D.A., 2007. Techniques in Large Animal Surgery. 3rd Edn., Blackwell Publishing, USA., pp: 239-240.

Herzog, M.E. and R.A. Santucci, 2002. Incisionless in-office castration using a veterinary castration device (Burdizzo clamp). Urology, 59: 946-946.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

Jana, K., P.K. Samanta and D. Ghosh, 2005. Evaluation of single Intratesticular injection of calcium chloride for nonsurgical sterilization of male Black Bengal goats (Capra-hircus): A dose dependent study. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 86: 89-108.
PubMed  |  

Kent, J.E., M.V. Thrusfield, I.S. Robertson and V. Molony, 1996. Castration of calves: A study of methods used by farmers in the United Kingdom. Vet. Rec., 138: 384-387.
CrossRef  |  

Melches, S., S.C. Mellema, M.G. Doherr, B. Wechsler and A. Steiner, 2007. Castration of lambs: A welfare comparison of different castration techniques in lambs over 10 weeks of age. Vet. J., 173: 554-563.
CrossRef  |  

Merkel, R.C. and L. Dawson, 2008. Castration of sheep and goats. Technical Bulletin No. 18, Ethiopia Sheep and Goat Productivity Improvement Program (ESGPIP), pp: 1-12.

Molony, V., J.E. Kent and I.S. Robertson, 1995. Assessment of acute and chronic pain after different methods of castration of calves. Applied Anim. Behav. Sci., 46: 33-48.
CrossRef  |  

Munahi, A.K. and T.A. Abid, 2011. Castration of Iraqi local bucks by bilateral spermatic cord torsion compared with double ligation of spermatic cord. Al-Qadisiya J. Vet. Med. Sci., 10: 21-35.
Direct Link  |  

Okwee-Acai, J., J. Acon, D. Okello-Owiny, B. Agwai and J. Oloya, 2008. Evaluation of pinhole castration as an alternative technique for goat year sterilization. Bull. Anim. Health Prod. Afr., 56: 299-306.
Direct Link  |  

Ponvijay, K.S., 2007. Pinhole castration: A novel minimally invasive technique for in situ spermatic cord ligation. Vet. Surg., 36: 74-79.
CrossRef  |  

Price, J., R.A. Eager, E.M. Welsh and N.K. Waran, 2005. Current practice relating to equine castration in the UK. Res. Vet. Sci., 78: 277-280.
CrossRef  |  

Searle, D., A.J. Dart, C.M. Dart and D.R. Hodgson, 1999. Equine castration: Review of anatomy, approaches, techniques and complications in normal, cryptorchid and monorchid horses. Aust. Vet. J., 77: 428-434.
CrossRef  |  

Stoffel, M.H., A. von Rotz, M. Kocher, M. Merki, D. Boesch and A. Steiner, 2009. Histological assessment of testicular residues in lambs and calves after Burdizzo castration. Vet. Rec., 164: 523-528.
CrossRef  |  

Thompson, D.L., 2000. Immunization against GnRH in male species (comparative aspects). Anim. Reprod. Sci., 60: 459-469.
PubMed  |  

Thornton, P.D. and A.E. Waterman-Pearson, 1999. Quantification of the pain and distress responses to castration in young lambs. Res. Vet. Sci., 66: 107-118.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Tibary, A. and D. Van Metre, 2004. Surgery of the Sheep and Goat Reproductive System and Urinary Tract. In: Farm Animal Surgery, Fubini, S. and N. Duchorme (Eds.). Saunders, USA., pp: 527-547.

Turner, T.T. and K.J. Brown, 1993. Spermatic cord torsion: Loss of spermatogenesis despite return blood flow. Biol. Reprod., 49: 401-407.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Ulker, H., M. Kucuk, A. Yilmaz, M. Yoruk, L. Arslan, D.M. deAvila and J.J. Reeves, 2009. Changes in testicular development, ultrasonographic and histological appearance of the testis in buck kids immunized against LHRH using recombinant LHRH fusion protein. Reprod. Dom. Anim., 44: 37-43.
CrossRef  |  

Van Lancker, S., W. van den Broeck and P. Simoens, 2005. Morphology of caprine skin glands involved in buck odour production. Vet. J., 170: 351-358.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |