References

AOAC, 1990. Official methods of analyses, 15th ed. Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Arlington, VA.

Aerts, R.J., W.C. McNabb, A. Molan, A. Brand, T.N. Barry and J.S. Peters, 1999. Condensed tannins from Lotus corniculatus and Lotus pedunculatus exert different effects on the in vitro rumen degradation of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) protein. J. Sci. Food Agric., 79: 79-85.
Direct Link  |  

Busquet, M., S. Calsamiglia, A. Ferret, M.D. Carro and C. Kamel, 2005. Effect of garlic oil and four of its compounds on rumen microbial fermentation. J. Dairy Sci., 88: 4393-4404.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Chen, X.B. and M.J. Gomez, 1995. Estimation of Microbial Protein Supply to Sheep and Cattle Based on Urinary Excretion of Purine Derivatives-an Overview of the Technical Details. International Feed Resources Unit, Aberdeen, UK.

De Rosa, M., A. Gambacorta and A. Gliozzi, 1986. Structure, biosynthesis and physicochemical properties of archaebacterial lipids. Microbiol. Rev., 50: 70-80.
Direct Link  |  

Galyean, M., 1989. Laboratory Procedure in Animal Nutrition Research. Department of Animal and Life Science, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces, USA., pp: 107-122.

Hess, H.D., M. Kreuzer, T.E. Diaz, C.E. Lascano, J.E. Carulla, C.R. Soliva and A. Machmuller, 2003. Saponin rich tropical fruit can affect fermentation and methanogenesis in faunated and defaunated rumen fluid. Anim. Feed Sci Technol., 109: 79-94.
Direct Link  |  

Hoover, W.H. and S.R. Stokes, 1991. Balancing carbohydrates and proteins for optimum rumen microbial yield. J. Dairy Sci., 74: 3630-3644.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Hu, W.L., Y.M. Wu, J.X. Liu, Y.Q. Guo and J.A. Ye, 2005. Tea saponins affect in vitro fermentation and methanogenesis in faunated and defaunated rumen fluid. J. Zhejiang Univ. Sci. B, 6: 787-792.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Hungate, R.E., 1969. A Roll Tube Method for Cultivation of Strict Anaerobes. In: Methods in Microbiology, Norris, J.R. and D.W. Ribbons (Eds.). Academic Press, New York, USA., pp: 117-132.

Hussain, I. and P.R. Cheeke, 1995. Effect of dietary Yucca schidigera extract on rumen and blood profiles of steers fed concentrate-or roughage-based diets. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 51: 231-242.
Direct Link  |  

Karsli, M.A. and J.R. Russell, 2001. Effects of some dietary factors on ruminal microbial protein synthesis. Turk. J. Vet. Sci., 25: 681-686.
Direct Link  |  

Makkar, H.P.S., M. Blummel and K. Becker, 1995. In vitro effects of and interactions between tannins and saponins and fate of tannins in the rumen. J. Sci. Food. Agric., 69: 481-493.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Moss, A.R., J.P. Jouany and J. Newbold, 2000. Methane production by ruminants: Its contribution to global warming. Annales Zootechnie, 49: 231-253.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Newbold, C.J., S.M. El Hassan, J. Wang, M.E. Ortega and R.J. Wallace, 1997. Influence of foliage from African multipurpose trees on activity of rumen protozoa and bacteria. Br. J. Nutr., 78: 237-249.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Ngamsaeng, A., M. Wanapat and S. Khampa, 2006. Effects of mangosteen peel (Garcinia mangostana) supplementation on rumen ecology, microbial protein synthesis, digestibility and voluntary feed intake in cattle. Pak. J. Nutr., 5: 445-452.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Patra, A.K. and J. Saxena, 2009. The effect and mode of action of saponins on the microbial populations and fermentation in the rumen and ruminant production. Nutr. Res. Rev., 22: 204-219.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Patra, A.K., D.N. Kamra and N. Agarwal, 2006. Effect of plant extracts on In vitro methanogenesis, enzyme activities and fermentation of feed in rumen liquor of buffalo. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 128: 276-291.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Pilajun, R. and M. Wanapat, 2011. Effect of coconut oil and mangosteen peel supplementation on ruminal fermentation, microbial population and microbial protein synthesis in swamp buffaloes. Livestock Sci., 141: 148-154.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Poungchompu, O., M. Wanapat, C. Wachirapakorn, S. Wanapat and A. Cherdthong, 2009. Manipulation of ruminal fermentation and methane production by dietary saponins and tannins from mangosteen peel and soapberry fruit. Arch. Anim. Nutr., 63: 389-400.
CrossRef  |  

Preston, T.R. and R.A. Leng, 1987. Matching Ruminant Production Systems with Available Resources in the Tropica and Sub-Tropics. 1st Edn., Penambul Books, Armidale, Australia, Pages: 245.

SAS., 1996. SAS User's Guide: Statistics. Version 5, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC., USA.

Samuel, M., S. Sagathevan, J. Thomas and G. Mathen, 1997. An HPLC method for estimation of volatile fatty acids in ruminal fluid. Indian J. Anim. Sci., 67: 805-807.
Direct Link  |  

Steel, R.G.D. and J.H. Torrie, 1980. Principles and Procedures of Statistics: A Biometrical Approach. 2nd Edn., McGraw Hill Book Co., New York, USA., ISBN-13: 9780070609266, Pages: 633.

Van Nevel, C.J. and D.I. Demeyer, 1988. Manipulation of Rumen Fermentation. In: The Rumen Microbial Ecosystem, Hobson, P.N. (Ed.). Elsevier Applied Science, New York, London, pp: 387-443.

Van Soest, P.J., J.B. Robertson and B.A. Lewis, 1991. Methods of dietary fiber, detergent fiber and non starch polysaccharide in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci., 74: 3583-3597.
PubMed  |  

Wanapat, M. and O. Pimpa, 1999. Effect of ruminal NH₃-N levels on ruminal fermentation, purine derivatives, digestibility and rice straw intake in swamp buffaloes. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 12: 904-907.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Wanapat, M., 1984. Improving rice straw quality as ruminant feed by urea-treatment in Thailand. Proceeding of the International Workshop on Relevance of Crop Residues as Animal Feeds in Developing Countries, November 29-December 2, 1984, Khon Kaen University, Thailand, pp: 147-175.

Wanapat, M., 2000. Rumen manipulation to increase the efficient use of local feed resources and productivity of ruminants in the tropics. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 13: 59-67.
Direct Link  |  

Wanapat, M., P. Khejorsart, P. Pakdee and S. Wanapat, 2008. Effect of supplementation of garlic powder on rumen ecology and digestibility of nutrients in ruminants. J. Sci. Food Agric., 88: 2231-2237.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |