References

Almeida, A.S., P.M. Lago, N. Boechat, R.C. Huard and L.C. Lazzarini et al., 2009. Tuberculosis is associated with a down-modulatory lung immune response that impairs Th1-type immunity. J. Immunol., 183: 718-731.
PubMed  |  

Arriaga, A.K., E.H. Orozco, L.D. Aguilar, G.A. Rook and R.H. Pando, 2002. Immunological and pathological comparative analysis between experimental latent tuberculous infection and progressive pulmonary tuberculosis. Clin. Exp. Immunol., 128: 229-237.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

Balcewicz-Sablinska, M.K., J. Keane, H. Kornfeld and H.G. Remold, 1998. Pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis evades apoptosis of host macrophages by release of TNF-R2, resulting in inactivation of TNF-alpha. J. Immunol., 161: 2636-2641.
PubMed  |  

Bean, A.G., D.R. Roach, H. Briscoe, M.P. France, H. Korner, J.D. Sedgwick and W.J. Britton, 1999. Structural deficiencies in granuloma formation in TNF gene-targeted mice underlie the heightened susceptibility to aerosol Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, which is not compensated for by lymphotoxin. J. Immunol., 162: 3504-3511.
PubMed  |  

Caccamo, N., G. Guggino, S.A. Joosten, G. Gelsomino and P. di Carlo et al., 2010. Multifunctional CD4(+) T cells correlate with active Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Eur. J. Immunol., 40: 2211-2220.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

Chan, J., Y. Xing, R.S. Magliozzo and B.R. Bloom, 1992. Killing of virulent Mycobacterium tuberculosis by reactive nitrogen intermediates produced by activated murine macrophages. J. Exp. Med., 175: 1111-1122.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Dannenberg Jr., A.M., 1994. Roles of cytotoxic delayed-type hypersensitivity and macrophage-activating cell-mediated immunity in the pathogenesis of tuberculosis. Immunobiology, 191: 461-473.
PubMed  |  

De Groote, D., P.F. Zangerle, Y. Gevaert, M.F. Fassotte and Y. Beguin et al., 1992. Direct stimulation of cytokines (IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-2, IFN-gamma and GM-CSF) in whole blood. I. Comparison with isolated PBMC stimulation. Cytokine, 4: 239-248.
PubMed  |  

Dermott, W.M., 1958. Microbial persistence. Yale J. Biol. Med., 30: 257-291.
Direct Link  |  

Dlugovitzky, D., M.L. Bay, L. Rateni, G. Fiorenza, L. Vietti, M.A. Farroni and O.A. Bottasso, 2000. Influence of disease severity on nitrite and cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB). Clin. Exp. Immunol., 122: 343-349.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

Dye, C., S. Scheele, P. Dolin, V. Phathania and M.C. Raviglione, 1999. Consensus statement. Global burden of tuberculosis: Estimated incidence, prevalence and mortality by country, world health organization global surveillance and monitoring project. J. Am. Med. Assoc., 282: 677-686.
CrossRef  |  

FDA, 2002. QuantiFERON-TB-P010033. Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD., USA. http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cdrh/cfdocs/cftopic/pma/pma.cfm?num=p010033.

Feng, C.G., M.C. Kullberg, D. Jankovic, A.W. Cheever, P. Caspar, R.L. Coffman and A. Sher, 2002. Transgenic mice expressing human interleukin-10 in the antigen-presenting cell compartment show increased susceptibility to infection with Mycobacterium avium associated with decreased macrophage effector function and apoptosis. Infect. Immunity, 70: 6672-6679.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Gong, J.H., M. Zhang, R.L. Modlin, P.S. Linsley, D. Iyer, Y. Lin and P.F. Barnes, 1996. Interleukin-10 downregulates Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced Th1 responses and CTLA-4 expression. Infect. Immun., 64: 913-918.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Hussain, R., R. Hasan, M. Khurshid, A.W. Sturm, J.J. Ellner and G. Dawood, 1996. Pulmonary tuberculosis in a BCG vaccinated area: relationship of disease severity with immunological and hematological parameters and drug resistance patterns. Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health, 27: 257-262.
PubMed  |  

Jereb, J., S.C. Etkind, O.T. Joglar, M. Moore and Z. Taylor, 2003. Tuberculosis contact investigations: Outcomes in selected areas of the United States, 1999. Int. J. Tuberc. Lung. Dis., 7: S384-S390.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Junior, D.R.A., S.A. Santos, I. Castro and D.R. Andrade, 2008. Correlation between serum tumor necrosis factor alpha levels and clinical severity of tuberculosis. Braz. J. Infect. Dis., 12: 226-233.
PubMed  |  

Keane, J., S. Gershon, R.P. Wise, E. Mirabile-Levens and J. Kasznica et al., 2001. Tuberculosis associated with infliximab, a tumor necrosis factor α-neutralizing agent. N. Engl. J. Med., 345: 1098-1104.
Direct Link  |  

Marin, N.D., S.C. Paris, V.M. Velez, C.A. Rojas, M. Rojas and L.F. Garcia, 2010. Regulatory T cell frequency and modulation of IFN-gamma and IL-17 in active and latent tuberculosis. Tuberculosis, 90: 252-261.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

Miller, E.A. and J.D. Ernst, 2009. Anti-TNF immunotherapy and tuberculosis reactivation: Another mechanism revealed. J. Clin. Invest., 119: 1079-1082.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

Moll, H., 2003. Dendritic cells and host resistance to infection. Cell. Microbiol., 5: 493-500.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

Patel, N.R., K. Swan, X. Li, S.D. Tachado and H. Koziel, 2009. Impaired Mycobacterium tuberculosis-mediated apoptosis in alveolar macrophages from HIV+ persons: Potential role of IL-10 and BCL-3. J. Leukoc. Biol., 86: 53-60.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

Patterson, B.K., M. Czerniewski, J. Andersson, Y. Sullivan and F. Su et al., 1999. Regulation of CCR5 and CXCR4 expression by type 1 and type 2 cytokines: CCR5 expression is downregulated by IL-10 in CD4-positive lymphocytes. Clin. Immunol., 91: 254-262.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

Rhen, M., S. Eriksson, M. Clements, S. Bergstrom and S.J. Normark, 2003. The basis of persistent bacterial infections. Trends Microbiol., 11: 80-86.
PubMed  |  

Rothlein, R., M. Czajkowski, M.M. O'Neill, S.D. Marlin, E. Mainolfi and V.J. Merluzzi, 1988. Induction of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 on primary and continuous cell lines by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Regulation by pharmacologic agents and neutralizing antibodies. J. Immunol., 41: 1665-1669.
PubMed  |  

Sahiratmadja, E., B. Alisjahbana, T. de Boer, I. Adnan and A. Maya et al., 2007. Dynamic changes in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine profiles and gamma interferon receptor signaling integrity correlate with tuberculosis disease activity and response to curative treatment. Infect. Immun., 75: 820-829.
PubMed  |  

Selwyn, P.A., P. Alcabes, D. Hartel, D. Buono and E.E. Schoenbaum et al., 1992. Clinical manifestations and predictors of disease progression in drug users with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N. Engl. J. Med., 327: 1697-1703.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Verver, S., R.M. Warren, Z. Munch, E. Vynnycky and P.D. van Helden et al., 2004. Transmission of tuberculosis in a high incidence urban community in South Africa. Int. J. Epidemiol., 33: 351-357.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

WHO, 2008. Global tuberculosis control: Surveillance, planning, financing. Report No. WHO/HTM/TB/2008.393, WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, pp: 17-37.

Wallis, R.S., 2007. Reactivation of latent tuberculosis by TNF blockade: The role of interferon γ. J. Invest. Dermatol. Symp. Proc., 12: 16-21.
PubMed  |  

Wallis, R.S., M.S. Broder, J.Y. Wong, M.E. Hanson and D.O. Beenhouwer, 2004. Granulomatous infectious diseases associated with tumor necrosis factor antagonists. Clin. Infect. Dis., 38: 1261-1265.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

Weir, R.E., A.R. Morgan, W.J. Britton, C.R. Butlin and H.M. Dockrell, 1994. Development of a whole blood assay to measure T cell responses to leprosy: A new tool for immuno-epidemiological field studies of leprosy immunity. J. Immunol. Methods, 176: 93-101.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

Winek, J., U. Demkow, E. Rowinska-Zakrzewska, M. Szołkowska, M. Filewska, J. Jagodzinski and K. Roszkowski-Sliz, 2009. Comparison of Th1 and Th2 response in the blood of tuberculous patients and healthy contacts. Pneumonol. Alergol. Pol., 77: 446-452.
PubMed  |  

Yun, J. W., S.Y. Lim, G.Y. Suh, M.P. Chung and H. Kim et al., 2007. Diagnosis and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection in arthritis patients treated with tumor necrosis factor antagonists in Korea. J. Korean Med. Sci., 22: 779-783.
Direct Link  |