References

AOAC, 1990. Official Methods of Analysis. 15th Edn., Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington, DC., USA., pp: 200-210.

Ahrar, M. and D.J. Schingoethe, 1979. Heat-treated soybean meal as a protein supplement for lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci., 62: 932-940.
CrossRef  |  

Annison, E.F., 1981. The Role of Protein Which Escapes Ruminal Degradation. In: Resent Advances in Animal Nutrition in Australia, Farrell, D.J. (Ed.). University of New England Publications, Armidale, Australia, pp: 40-41.

Beecher, G.R. and B.K. Whitten, 1970. Ammonia determination: Reagent modification and interfering compounds. Anal. Biochem., 36: 243-246.
PubMed  |  

Broderick, G.A. and W.M. Craig, 1980. Effect of heat treatment on ruminal degradation and escape and intestinal digestibility of cottonseed meal protein. J. Nutr., 110: 2381-2389.
PubMed  |  

Chanjula, P., M. Wanapat, C. Wachirapakorn, S. Uriyapongson and P. Rowlinson, 2003. Ruminal degradability of tropical feeds and their potential use in ruminant diets. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 16: 211-216.
Direct Link  |  

Chaudhry, A.S., 1998. Nutrient composition, digestion and rumen fermentation in sheep of wheat straw treated with calcium oxide, sodium hydroxide and alkaline hydrogen peroxide. J. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 74: 315-328.
Direct Link  |  

D'Mello, J.P.F. and D.E. Talpin, 1978. Leucaena leucocephala in poultry diets for the tropics. World Rev. Anim. Prod., 14: 41-47.

Devendra, C., 1983. The nutritive value of Leucaena leucocephala (cv Peru) in balance and growth studies with goats and sheep. Nutr. Abstracts Rev. Series B, 53: 800-800.

Devendra, C., 1984. Physical treatment of rice straw for goats and sheep and the response to substitution with variable levels of cassava (Manihot esculente), leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) and gliricidia (Gliricidia maculata) forages. Nutr. Abstracts Rev. Series B, 54: 487-487.

Dryhursta, N. and C.D Wood, 1998. The effect of nitrogen source and concentration on in vitro gas production using rumen micro-organisms. J. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 71: 131-143.
Direct Link  |  

Dutta, T.K., M.K. Agnihotri, P.K. Sahoo, V. Rajkumar and A.K. Das, 2009. Effect of different protein-energy ratio in pulse by-products and residue based pelleted feeds on growth, rumen fermentation, carcass and sausage quality in Barbari kids. J. Small Ruminant Res., 85: 34-41.

Evans, T.R., 1986. Management of forages to optimize animal production. Proceeding of the International Workshop of Forage in Southeast Asia and South Pacific Agriculture, Aug. 19-23, Cisarua, Indonesia, pp: 147-151.

Faldet, M.A. and L.D. Satter, 1991. Feeding heat-treated full fat soybeans to cows in early lactation. J. Dairy Sci., 74: 3047-3054.
PubMed  |  

Galyean, M., 1989. Laboratory Procedure in Animal Nutrition Research. 1st Edn., Department of Animal and Life Science, New Mexico States University, USA., pp: 162-167.

Garcia, G.W., T.U. Ferguson, F.A. Neckles and K.A.E. Archibald, 1996. The nutritive value and forage productivity of Leucaena leucocephala. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 60: 29-41.
CrossRef  |  

Goering, H.K. and P.J. van Soest, 1970. Forage fiber analysis (apparatus, reagents, procedures and some applications). USDA Agricultural Handbook No. 379, Washington, DC., USA., pp: 1-20. http://naldc.nal.usda.gov/download/CAT87209099/PDF.

Gutteridge and H. Shelton, 1994. Forage Tree Legumes in Tropical Agriculture. 1st Edn., CAB International, Wallingford, Oxon, UK.

Hadjipanayiotou, M., 1984. Effect of level and type of alkali on the digestibility in vitro of ensiled, chopped barley straw. Agric. Wastes, 10: 187-194.
CrossRef  |  

Hove, L., J.H. Topps, S. Sibanda and L.R Ndlovu, 2001. Nutrient intake and utilisation by goats fed dried leaves of the shrub legumes Acacia angustissima, Calliandra calothyrsus and Leucaena leucocephala as supplements to native pasture hay. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 91: 95-106.
Direct Link  |  

Hudson, L.W., H.A. Glimp, C.O. Little and P.G. Woolfolk, 1970. Ruminal and postruminal nitrogen utilization by lambs fed heated soybean meal. J. Anim. Sci., 30: 609-613.
Direct Link  |  

Hungate, R.E., 1969. A Role Tube Method for Cultivation of Strict Anaerobes. In: Method in Microbiology, Norris, J.R. and D.W. Ribbons (Eds.). Academic Press, New York, pp: 117-132.

Jones, R.J., 1979. The value of Leucaena leucocephala as a feed for ruminants in the tropics. World Anim. Rev., 31: 12-22.

Kahindi, R.K., S.A. Abdulrazak and R.W. Muinga, 2007. Effect of supplementing Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) with Madras thorn (Pithecellobium dulce) on intake, digestibility and live weight gains of growing goats. Small Rumin. Res., 69: 83-87.
CrossRef  |  

Kaufman, W. and W. Lupping, 1982. Protected Proteins and Protected Amino Acids for Ruminants. In: Protein Contribution of Feedstuffs for Ruminants, Miller, E.L., I.H. Pike and A.J.H. Vanes (Eds.). Butterworth Scientific, London, pp: 36-68.

Khampa, S., S. Chumpawadee and M. Wanapat, 2009. Supplementation of malate level and cassava hay in high-quality feed block on ruminal fermentation efficiency and digestibility of nutrients in lactating dairy cows. Pak. J. Nutr., 8: 441-446.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Klevesahl, E.A., R.C. Cochran, E.C. Titgemeyer, T.A. Wickersham, C.G. Farmer, J.I. Arroquy and D.E. Johnson, 2003. Effect of a wide range in the ratio of supplemental rumen degradable protein to starch on utilization of low-quality, grass hay by beef steers. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 105: 5-20.
Direct Link  |  

Kridi, R.T., S.G. Haddad and M.M. Muwalla, 2001. The effect of feeding ruminally undegradable protein on post partum reproduction of Awassi ewes. Asian Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 14: 1125-1128.

Leng, R.A., 1991. Application of biotechnology to nutrition of animals in developing countries. FAO Animal Production and Health Paper No. 90.

Mahala, A.G. and A.S. Gomaa, 2007. Effect of heat treatment on sesame cake protein degradation. J. Anim. Vet. Sci., 2: 39-42.
Direct Link  |  

McDonald, P., R.A. Edwards, J.F.D. Greenhalgh and C.A. Morgan, 1996. Animal Nutrition. Longman Singapore Publishers (Pte) Ltd., Singapore.

Mishra, S. and S.N. Rai, 1996. Influence of varying RDP: UDP ratios in diets on digestion, nitrogen utilization and milk production efficiency in goats. J. Small Ruminant Res., 20: 39-45.
Direct Link  |  

Nasri, M.H.F., J. France, M.D. Mesgaran and E. Kebreab, 2008. Effect of heat processing on ruminal degradability and intestinal disappearance of nitrogen and amino acids in Iranian whole soybean. Lives. Sci., 113: 43-51.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Nhan, N.T.H., 1998. Effect of Sesbania grandiflora, Leucaena leucocephala, Hibiscus rosa-sinensis and Ceiba pentadra on intake, digestion and rumen environment of growing goats. Livestock Res. Runal Dev., Vol. 10.

Pradhan, R., H. Tobioka and I. Tasaki, 1997. Effect of moisture content and different levels of additives on chemical composition and in-vitro dry matter digestibility of rice straw. J. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 68: 273-284.

Pralomkarn, W., S. Kochapakdee, S. Saithanoo and S. Choldumrongkul, 1995. Effect of supplementation and internal parasites on growth of cross-bred goat under village environments in southern Thailand. Thai. J. Agric. Sci., 28: 27-36.

Preston, T.P. and R.A. Leng, 1987. Manipulation of Feeding and Rumen Ecology. In: Matching Ruminant Production System with Available Feed Resources in the Tropics and Sub Tropics, Anonymous (Eds.). Penambul Books, Armidale, Australia, pp: 83-92.

Preston, T.R. and R.A. Leng, 1987. Matching Ruminant Production Systems with Available Resources in the Tropics and Subtropics. Penambul Books, Armidale, Australia.

Robinson, P.H., R.E. McQueen and P.L. Burgess, 1991. Influence of rumen undegradable protein levels on feed intake and milk production of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 74: 1623-1631.
CrossRef  |  

Roseler, D.K., J.D. Ferguson, C.J. Sniffen and J. Herrema. 1993. Dietary protein degradability effects on plasma and milk urea nitrogen and milk nonprotein nitrogen in Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci., 76: 525-534.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Russell, J.R., 2001. Effects of some dietary factors on ruminal microbial protein synthesis. Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci., 25: 681-686.

SAS, 1996. SAS User's Guide: Statistics. 12th Edn., Version 6, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.

Saha, H.M., R.K. Kahindi and R.W. Muinga, 2008. Evaluation of manue from goats fed panicum basal diet and supplemented with madras thorn, Leucaena or Gliricidia. J. Trop Subtrop. Agroecosyst,, 8: 251-257.
Direct Link  |  

Sahoo, B. and T.K. Walli, 2008. Effect of feeding undegradable protein with energy on nutrient utilization, milk yield and milk composition of crossbred goats. J. Small Rumin. Res., 75: 36-42.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Schiere, J.B. and M.N.M. Ibrahim, 1989. Feeding of Urea-Ammonia Treated Rice Straw: A Compilation of Miscellaneous Reports Produced by the Straw Utilization Project (Sri Lanka). Pudoc Publication, Wageningen.

Singh, S., S.S. Kundu, B.P. Kushwaha and S.B. Maity, 2009. Dietary energy levels response on nutrient utilization, nitrogen balance and growth in Bhadawari buffalo calves. J. Livestock Res., 21: 125-125.
Direct Link  |  

Suchitra, K. and M. Wanapat, 2008. Effects of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana) peel and sunflower and coconut oil supplementation on rumen fermentation, milk yield and milk composition in lactating dairy cows. Livestock Res. Rural Dev., Vol. 20.

Swartz, L.A., A.J. Heinrichs, G.A. Varga and L.D. Muller, 1991. Effects of varying dietary undegradable protein on dry matter intake, growth and carcass composition of Holstein calves. J. Dairy Sci., 74: 3884-3890.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Tagari, H., F. Pena and L.D. Satter, 1986. Protein degradation by rumen microbes of heat-treated whole cottonseed. J. Anim. Sci., 62: 1732-1736.
PubMed  |  

Thang, C.M., I. Ledin and J. Bertilsson, 2010. Effect of using cassava products to vary the level of energy and protein in the diet on growth and digestibility in cattle. J. Livest. Sci., 128: 166-172.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Verbic, J., 2002. Factors affecting microbial protein synthesis in the rumen with emphasis on diets containing forages. Veihwirtschaftliche Fachtagung, 29: 24-25.

Wanapat, M. and O. Pimpa, 1999. Effect of ruminal NH₃-N levels on ruminal fermentation, purine derivatives, digestibility and rice straw intake in swamp buffaloes. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 12: 904-907.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Wanapat, M., 1990. Nutrition Aspects of Ruminant Production in Southeast Asia with Special Reference to Thailand. Funny Press, Bangkok, Thailand, pp: 217.

Wanapat, M., 2000. Rumen manipulation to increase the efficiency use of local feed resources and productivity of ruminants in tropics. Asian Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 13: 59-67.
Direct Link  |  

Wanapat, M., 2009. Potential uses of local feed resources for ruminants. Trop. Anim. Health. Prod., 41: 1035-1049.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Wanapat, M., S. Polyorach, K. Boonnop, C. Mapato and A. Cherdthong, 2009. Effects of treating rice straw with urea or urea and calcium hydroxide upon intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation and milk yield of dairy cows. Livest. Sci., 125: 238-243.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Wankhede, S.M. and V.H. Kalbande, 2001. Effect of feeding bypass protein with urea treated grass on the performance of Red Khandhari calves. Asian Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 14: 970-973.

Wing, J.M., H.H. Vanhorn, S.D. Sklare and B. Hariss, 1988. Effects of citrus molasses distiller, solubles and molasse distiller, solubles and molasses on rumen parameters and lactation. J. Dairy Sci., 71: 414-420.

Wohlt, J.E., J.H. Clark and F.S. Blaisdell, 1978. Nutritional value of urea versus preformed protein for ruminants. II. Nitrogen utilization by dairy cows fed corn based diets containing supplemental nitrogen from urea and/or soybean meal. J. Dairy Sci., 61: 916-931.
CrossRef  |  

Yousuf, M.B., M.A. Belewu, J.O. Daramola and N.I. Ogundun, 2007. Protein supplementary values of cassava-, leucaena- and gliricidia- leaf meals in goats fed low quality Panicum maximum hay. Livestock Res. Rural Dev., Vol. 19.