References

Ammerman, C.B. and R.D. Goodrich, 1983. Advances in mineral nutrition in ruminants. J. Anim. Sci., 2: 519-533.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Bell, A.W., 1995. Regulation of organic nutrient metabolism during transition from late pregnancy to early lactation. J. Anim. Sci., 73: 2804-2819.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Bertics, S.J., R.R. Grummer, C. Cadorniga-Valino and E.E. Stoddard, 1992. Effect of prepartum dry matter intake on liver triglyceride concentration and early lactation. J. Dairy Sci., 75: 1914-1922.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Breves, G., J.P. Goff, B. Schroder and R.L. Horst, 1995. Gastrointestinal calcium and phosphate metabolism in ruminants. Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Ruminant Physiology, September 1994, Stuttgart, Germany, pp: 135-151.

Castaneda-Gutierrez, E., S.H. Pelton, R.O. Gilbert and W.R. Butler, 2009. Effect of peripartum dietary energy supplementation of dairy cows on metabolites, liver function and reproduction variables. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 112: 301-315.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Christensen, J.O., R.R. Grummer, F.E. Rasmussen and S.J. Bertics, 1997. Effect of method of delivery of propylene glycol on plasma metabolites of feed-restricted cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 80: 563-568.
PubMed  |  

Chung, Y.H., N.E. Brown, C.M. Martinez, T.W. Cassidy and G.A. Varga, 2009. Effects of rumen-protected choline and dry propylene glycol on feed intake and blood parameters for Holstein dairy cows in early lactation. J. Dairy Sci., 92: 2729-2736.
CrossRef  |  

Cooke, R.F., N.S.D. Rio, D.Z. Caraviello, S.J. Bertics, M.H. Ramos and R.R. Grummer, 2007. Supplemental choline for prevention and alleviation of fatty liver in dairy cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 90: 2413-2418.
CrossRef  |  

Cozzi, G., P. Berzaghi, F. Gottordo, G. Gabai and I. Andrighetto, 1996. Effects of feeding propylene glycol to mid-lactating dairy cows. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 64: 43-51.
CrossRef  |  

Dhiman, T.R. and V. Sasidharan, 1999. Effectiveness of calcium chloride in increasing blood calcium concentrations of periparturient dairy cows. J. Anim. Sci., 77: 1597-1605.
Direct Link  |  

Drackley, J.K., T. R. Oveton and G.N. Douglas, 2001. Adaptation of glucose and long chain fatty acid metabolis in liver of dairy cows during the periparturient period. J. Dairy Sci., 84: E100-E112.
Direct Link  |  

Enemark, J.M.D., H.B. Schmidt, J. Jakobsen and C. Enevoldsen, 2009. Failure to improve energy balance or dehydration by drenching transition cows with water and electrolytes at calving. Vet. Res. Commun., 33: 123-137.
PubMed  |  

Erdman, R.A., R.D. Shaver and J.H. Vandersall, 1984. Dietary choline for the lactating cow: Possible effects on milk fat synthesis. J. Dairy Sci., 67: 410-415.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Fonseca, L.F., C.S. Lucci, P.H.M. Rodrigues, M.V. Santos and A.P. Lima, 1998. Supplementation of propylene glycol to dairy cows in periparturient period: Effects on plasma concentration of BHBA, NEFA and glucose. J. Dairy Sci., 76: 320-320.

Formigoni, A., M.C. Cornil, A. Prandi, A. Mordenti, A. Rossi, D. Portetelle and R. Renaville, 1996. Effect of propylene glycol supplementation around parturition on milk yield, reproduction performance and some hormonal and metabolic characteristics in dairy cows. J. Dairy Res., 63: 11-24.
PubMed  |  

Ghorbani, G.R., D. Kianzad, M. Alikhani and A. Nikkhah, 2007. Rumen-protected methionine improves early-lactation performance of dairy cattle under high ambient temperatures. Asian J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 2: 184-195.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Goff, J.P. and R.L. Horst, 1993. Oral administration of calcium salts for treatment of hypocalcemia in cattle. J. Dairy Sci., 76: 101-108.
PubMed  |  

Goff, J.P., 1999. Treatment of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium balance disorders. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract., 15: 619-639.
PubMed  |  

Goff, J.P., 2006. Macromineral physiology and application to the feeding of the dairy cow for prevention of milk fever and other periparturient mineral disorders. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol., 126: 237-257.
Direct Link  |  

Goff, J.P., E.T. Littledike and R.L. Horst, 1986. Effect of synthetic bovine parathyroidhormone in dairy cows: Prevention of hypocalcemic parturient paresis. J. Dairy Sci., 69: 2278-2289.
PubMed  |  

Goff, J.P., R.L. Horst, C. Jardon, C. Borelli and J. Wedam, 1996. Field trials of an oral calcium propionate paste as an aid to prevent milk fever in periparturient dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 79: 378-383.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

Gregory, Q.W., G.Y. Miller and M.A. Masterson, 1993. Effects of oral administration of a calcium-containing gel on serum calcium concentration in postparturient dairy cows. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 202: 607-609.
PubMed  |  

Grummer, R.R., J.C. Winkler, S.J. Bertics and V.A. Studer, 1994. Effect of propylene glycol dosage during feed restriction on metabolites in blood of prepartum Holstein heifers. J. Dairy Sci., 77: 3618-3623.
CrossRef  |  

Hartwell, J.R., M.J. Cecava and S.S. Donkin, 2000. Impact of dietary rumen undegradable protein and rumen-protected choline on intake, peripartum liver triacylglyceride, plasma metabolites and milk production in transition dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 83: 2907-2917.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Juchem, S.O., F.A.P. Santos, H. Imaizumi, A.V. Pires and E.C. Barnabe, 2004. Production and blood parameters of Holstein cows treated prepartum with sodium monensin or propylene glycol. J. Dairy Sci., 87: 680-689.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

Larsen, T., G. Moller and R. Bellio, 2001. Evaluation of clinical and clinical chemical parameters in periparturient cows. J. Dairy Sci., 84: 1749-1758.

Lien, T.F., L.B. Chang, Y.M. Horng and C.P. Wu, 2010. Effects of propylene glycol on milk production, serum metabolites and reproductive performance during the transition period of dairy cows. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci., 23: 372-378.
Direct Link  |  

Lucci, C.S., L.F. Fonseca, P.H.M. Rodrigues, M.V. Santos and A.P. Lima, 1998. Supplementation of propylene glycol to dairy cows in periparturient period: Effects on body condition score, milk yield and first oestrus postpartum. J. Dairy Sci., 76: 321-321.

Martens, H. and M. Schweigel, 2000. Pathophysiology of grass tetany and other hypomagnesemias. Implications for clinical management. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract., 16: 339-368.

McFadden, J.W., R.L. Wallace and J.K. Drackley, 2010. Effects of a drinkable drench in primiparous holstein cows. Prof. Anim. Sci., 26: 159-166.
Direct Link  |  

McNamara, J.P. and F. Valdez, 2005. Adipose tissue metabolism and production responses to calcium propionate and chromium propionate. J. Dairy Sci., 88: 2498-2507.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Melendez, P., A. Donovan, C.A. Risco, M.B. Hall, R. Littell and J. Goff, 2002. Metabolic responses of transition Holstein cows fed anionic salts and supplemented at calving with calcium and energy. J. Dairy Sci., 85: 1085-1092.
Direct Link  |  

Miyoshi, S., J.L. Pate and D.L. Palmquist, 2001. Effects of propylene glycol drenching on energy balance, plasma glucose, plasma insulin, ovarian function and conception in dairy cows. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 68: 29-43.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

NRC, 2001. Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7th Edn., National Academy Press, Washington, DC, ISBN: 978-0-309-06997-7, Pages: 405.

Oetzel, G.R., 1988. Parturient paresis and hypocalcemia in ruminant livestock. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract., 4: 351-364.
PubMed  |  

Oetzel, G.R., 1996. Improving reproductive performance in dairy cattle via milk fever prevention. Bovine Proc., 28: 52-59.

Pehrson, B., C. Svensson and M. Jonsson, 1998. A comparative study of the effectiveness of calcium propionate and calcium chloride for the prevention of parturient paresis in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 81: 2011-2016.
PubMed  |  

Peralta, O.A., D. Monardes, M. Duchens, L. Moraga and R.L. Nebel, 2011. Supplementing transition cows with calcium propionate-propylene glycol drenching ororganic trace minerals: Implications on reproductive and lactation performances. Arch. Med. Vet., 43: 65-71.
Direct Link  |  

Pickett, M.M., M.S. Piepenbrink and T.R. Overton, 2003. Effects of propylene glycol or fat drench on plasma metabolites, liver composition and production of dairy cows during the periparturient period. J. Dairy Sci., 86: 2113-2121.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Piepenbrink, M.S. and T.R. Overton, 2000. Liver metabolism and production of periparturient dairy cattle fed rumen-protected choline. J. Dairy Sci., 83: 257-257.

Pinotti, L., A. Baldi, I. Politis, R. Rebucci, L. Sangalli and V. Dell'Orto, 2003. Rumen protected choline administration to transition cows: Effects on milk production and vitamin E status. J. Vet. Med., 50: 18-21.
PubMed  |  

SAS., 2004. SAS/STAT® User's Guide. Version 9.1, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC., USA.

Skaar, T.C., R.R. Grummer, M.R. Dentine and R.H. Stauffacher, 1989. Seasonal effects of prepartium and postpartium fat and niacin feedin unlactation performance and lipid methabolism. J. Dairy Sci., 72: 20-28.

Stokes, S.R. and J.P. Goff, 2001. Case study: Evaluation of calcium propionate and propylene glycol administered into the esophagus of dairy cattle at calving. Prof. Anim. Scientist., 17: 115-122.

Studer, V.A., R.R. Grummer and S.G. Bertics, 1992. Effect of prepartium propylene glycole administration on preparturient fatty liver in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 75: 84-84.

Studer, V.A., R.R. Grummer, S.J. Bertics and C.K. Reynolds, 1993. Effect of prepartum propylene glycol administration on periparturient fatty liver in dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 76: 2931-2939.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Van Knegsel, A.T.M., H. van Den-Brand, J. Dijkstra, W.M. van Straalen, R. Jorritsma, S. Tamminga and B. Kemp, 2007. Effect of glucogenic vs. lipogenic diets on energy balance, blood metabolites and reproduction in primiparous and multiparous dairy cows in early lactation. J. Dairy Sci., 90: 3397-3409.
CrossRef  |  

Zahra, L.C., T.F. Duffield, K.E. Leslie, T.R. Overton, D. Putnam and S.J. LeBlanc, 2006. Effects of rumen-protected choline and monensin on milk production and metabolism of periparturient dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci., 89: 4808-4818.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |