References

Agarwal, S., R.A. Saleh and M.A. Bedaiway, 2003. Role of reactive oxygen species in the pathology of human reproduction. Fertil. Steril., 79: 829-843.

Aitken, R.J. and C. Krause, 2001. Oxidative stress, DNA damage and the Y chromosome. Reproduction, 122: 497-506.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Aitken, R.J., A.L. Ryan, M.A. Baker and E.A. McLaughlin, 2004. Redox activity associated with the maturation and capacitation of mammalian spermatozoa. Free Radical Biol. Med., 36: 994-1010.
PubMed  |  

Alvarez, J.G. and B.T. Storey, 1983. Taurine, hypotaurine, epinephrine and albumin inhibit lipid peroxidation in rabbit spermatozoa and protect against loss of motility. Biol. Reprod., 29: 548-555.
PubMed  |  

Alvarez, J.G. and B.T. Storey, 1992. Evidence for increased lipid peroxidative damage and loss of superoxide dismutase activity as a mode of sublethal cryodamage to human sperm during cryopreservation. J. Androl., 13: 232-241.
PubMed  |  

Anghel, A., S. Zamfirescu, C. Dragomir, D. Nadolu, S. Elena and B. Florica, 2010. The effect of antioxidants on cytological parameters of cryopreserved buck semen. Romanian Biotechnol. Lett., 15: 26-32.
Direct Link  |  

Barnett, D.K. and B.D. Bavister, 1992. Hypotaurine requirement for In vitro development of golden hamster one-cell embryos into morulae and blastocysts and production of term offspring from in vitro-fertilized ova. Biol. Reprod., 47: 297-304.
CrossRef  |  

Bilodeau, J.F., S. Blanchette, I.C. Gagnon and M.A. Sirard, 2001. Thiols prevent H₂O₂-mediated loss of sperm motility in cryopreserved bull semen. Theriogenology, 56: 275-286.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Bilodeau, J.F., S. Chateerjee, M.A. Sirrard and C. Gagnon, 2000. Levels of antioxidant defenses are decreased in bovine spermatozoa after a cycle of freezing and thawing. Mol. Reprod. Dev., 55: 282-288.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Brzezinska-Slebodzinska, E., A.B. Slebodzinski, B. Pietras and G. Wieczorek, 1995. Antioxidant effect of vitamin E and glutathione on lipid peroxidation in boar semen plasma. Biol. Trace Element Res., 47: 69-74.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

Bucak, M.N. and O. Uysal, 2008. The role of antioxidants in freezing of Saanen goat semen. Indian Vet. J., 85: 148-150.

Bucak, M.N., A. Atessahin and A. Yuce, 2008. Effect of anti-oxidants and oxidative stress parameters on ram semen after the freeze-thawing process. Small Rumin. Res., 75: 128-134.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Bucak, M.N., A. Atessahin, O. Varıslı, A. Yuce, N. Tekin and A. Akcay, 2007. The influence of trehalose, taurine, cysteamine and hyaluronan on ram semen Microscopic and oxidative stress parameters after freeze-thawing process. Theriogenology, 67: 1060-1067.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Bucak, M.N., P.B. Tuncer, S. Sariozkan and P.A. Ulutas, 2009. Comparison of the effects of glutamine and an amino acid solution on post-thawed ram sperm parameters, lipid peroxidation and anti-oxidant activities. Small Ruminant Res., 81: 13-17.
CrossRef  |  

Buckett, W.M., M.J. Luckas, I.A. Aird, R.G. Farquharson, C.R. Kingsland and D.I. Lewis-Jones, 1997. The hypo-osmotic swelling test in recurrent miscarriage. Fertil. Steril., 68: 506-509.
PubMed  |  

Chen, Y., R.H. Foot and C.C. Brockett, 1993. Effect of sucrose, trehalose, hypotaurine, taurine and blood serum on survival of frozen bull sperm. Cryobiology, 30: 423-431.
PubMed  |  

De Pauw, I.M., A. Van Soom, D. Maes, S. Verberckmoes and A. de Kruif, 2003. Effect of sperm coating on the survival and penetrating ability of In vitro stored bovine spermatozoa. Theriogenology, 59: 1109-1122.
PubMed  |  

Donnelly, E.T., N. McClure and S.E. Lewis, 2000. Glutathione and hypotaurine in vitro: Effects on human sperm motility, DNA integrity and production of reactiveoxygen species. Mutagenesis, 15: 61-68.
PubMed  |  

El-Alamy, M.A. and R.H. Foote, 2001. Freezability of spermatozoa from finn and dorset rams in multiple semen extenders. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 65: 245-254.
PubMed  |  

Evans, G. and W.M.C. Maxwell, 1987. Handling and Examination of Semen. In: Salamon's Artificial Insemination of Sheep and Goats. Maxwell, W.M.C. (Ed.). Butterworths, Sydney, Australia, pp: 93-106.

Feilman, J.H., T.R. Green and A.U. Eicher, 1987. The oxidation of hypotaurine to taurine: Bis-aminoethyl-alphadisulfone, a metabolic intermediate in mammalian tissuespermatozoa. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., 217: 39-48.

Fraster, L.R., 1986. Both taurine and albumin support mouse sperm motility and fertilizing ability In vitro but there is no obligatory requirement for taurine. J. Reprod. Fertil., 77: 271-280.
PubMed  |  

Funahashi, H. and T. Sano, 2005. Selected antioxidants improve the function of extended boar semen stored at 100C. Theriogenology, 63: 1605-1616.
PubMed  |  

Guerin, P., J. Guillaud and Y. Menezo, 1995. Hypotaurine in spermatozoa and genital secretions and its production by oviduct epithelial cells In vitro. Hum. Reprod., 10: 866-872.
Direct Link  |  

Herold, F.C., K. Haas, B. Colenbrander and D. Gerber, 2006. Comparison of equilibration times when freezing epididymal sperm from African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) using Triladyl and Andromed. Theriogenology, 66: 1123-1130.
PubMed  |  

Huxtable, R.J., 1992. Physiological action of taurine. Physiol. Rev., 72: 101-163.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Ijaz, A., A. Hussain, M. Aleem, M.S. Yousaf and H. Rehman, 2009. Butylated hydroxytoluene inclusion in semen extender improves the post-thawed semen quality of Nili-Ravi buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Theriogenology, 71: 1326-1329.
PubMed  |  

Iritani, A. and V. Nishikawa, 1963. Studies on the egg yolk coagulating factor in goat semen. II. Release of some acids accompanied by the coagulating phenomena. Jpn. J. Anim. Reprod., 8: 109-112.

Johnson, L.A., V.G. Pursel, R.J. Gerrits and C.H. Thomas, 1972. Free amino acids composition of porcine seminal, epididymal and seminal vesicals fluids. J. Anim. Sci., 34: 430-434.
Direct Link  |  

Kasimanickam, R., V. Kasimanickam, K.D. Pelzer and J.J. Dascanio, 2007. Effect of breed and sperm concentration on the changes in structural, functional and motility parameters of ram-lamb spermatozoa during storage at 4°C. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 101: 60-73.
PubMed  |  

Leboeuf, B., B. Restall and S. Salamon, 2000. Production and storage of goat semen for artificial insemination. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 62: 113-141.
Direct Link  |  

Lenzi, A., L. Gandini, F. Lombardo, M. Picardo, V. Maresca and E. Panfili, 2002. Polyunsaturated fatty acids of germ cell membranes, glutathione and glutathione-dependent enzyme-PHGPx: From basic to clinic. Contraception, 65: 301-304.
Direct Link  |  

Liu, Z., R.H. Foote and C.C. Brockett, 1998. Survival of bull sperm frozen at different rates in media varying in osmolarity. Cryobiology, 37: 219-230.
Direct Link  |  

Luvoni, G.C., 2006. Gamate cryopreservation in the domestic cat. Theriogenology, 66: 101-111.
Direct Link  |  

Malo, C., L. Gil, N. Gonzalez, F. Martinez, R. Cano, I. de Blas and E. Espinosa, 2010. Anti-oxidant supplementation improves boar sperm characteristics and fertility after cryopreservation: Comparison between cysteine and rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis). Cryobiology, 61: 142-147.
PubMed  |  

Mann, T. and C. Lutwak-Mann, 1981. Male Reproductive Function and Semen: Themes and Trends in Physiology, Biochemistry and Investigative Andrology. 1st Edn., Springer-Verlag, New York, ISBN: 9783540103837, Pages: 495.

Mann, T., 1964. The Biochemistry of Semen and of the Male Reproductive Tract. Methuen, London, UK.

Martins-Bessa, A., A. Rocha and A. Mayenco-Aguirre, 2007. Incorporation of taurine and hypotaurine did not improve the efficiency of the uppsala equex ii extender for dog semen freezing. Theriogenology, 68: 1088-1096.
PubMed  |  

Max, B., 1992. This and that: Hair pigments, the hypoxic basis of life and the virgilian jiurney of the spermatozoon. Ttrends Pharmacol. Sci., 13: 272-276.
PubMed  |  

Meizel, S., C.W. Lui, P.K. Working and R.J. Mrsny, 1980. Taurine and hypotaurine: Their effects on motility, capacitation and the acrosome reaction of hamster sperm In vitro and their presence in sperm and reproductive tract fluids of several mammals. Dev. Growth Diff., 22: 483-494.
CrossRef  |  

Memon, A.A., H. Wahid, Y. Rosnina, Y.M. Goh, M. Ebrahimi, F.M. Nadia and G. Audrey, 2011. Effect of hypotaurine and cysteine on sperm cytological parameters of cooled and post thaw boer goat semen. Elixir Bio Techechnol., 38: 4100-4104.

Menchaca, A., A. Pinczak and D. Queirolo, 2005. Storage of ram semen at 5�C: Effects of preservation period and timed artificial insemination on pregnancy rate in ewes. Anim. Reprod., 2: 195-198.
Direct Link  |  

Misra, H.P. and I. Fridovich, 1972. The univalent reduction of oxygen by reduced flavins and quinones. J. Biol. Chem., 247: 188-192.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Naing, S.W., H. Wahid, K.M. Azam, R. Rosnina and A.B. Zuki et al., 2010. Effect of sugars on characteristics of Boer goat semen after cryopreservation. Ani. Reprod. Sci., 122: 23-28.
PubMed  |  

Nathanailides, C., T. Chanzaropoulos, A. Barbouti, C. Perdikaris and T. Zhang, 2011. DNA fragmentation, linear velocity and fertilising ability of reactivated cryopreserved goldfish sperm using different cryoprotectants. Biotechnology, 10: 514-520.
CrossRef  |  

O'Flaherty, C.M., N.B. Beorlegui and M.T. Beconi, 1999. Reactive oxygen species requirements for bovine sperm capacitation and acrosome reaction. Theriogenology, 52: 289-301.
PubMed  |  

O'Hara, L., J.P. Hanrahan, L. Richardson, A. Donovan, S. Fair, A.C. Evans and P. Lonergan, 2010. Effect of storage duration, storage temperature and diluent on the viability and fertility of fresh ram sperm. Theriogenology, 73: 541-549.
PubMed  |  

Pasantes-Morales, H. and J.H. Fellman, 1989. Taurine and Hypotaurine and Membrane Lipid Peroxidation. In: CRC Handbook of Freeredicals and Antioxidants in Biomedicine, Miquel, J., A.T. Quintanilha and H. Weber (Eds.)., FLL CRC press, Boca Raton, pp: 105-117..

Paulenz, H., L. Soderquist, R. Perez-Pe and K.A. Berg, 2002. Effect of different extenders and storage temperatures on sperm viability of liquid ram semen. Theriogenology, 57: 823-836.
Direct Link  |  

Revel, S.G. and R.A. Mrode, 1994. An osmotic resistance test for bovine semen. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 36: 77-86.

Roy, A., 1957. Egg yolk-coagulation enzyme in the semen and cowper's gland of the goat. Nature, 179: 318-319.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Salamon, S. and W.M.C. Maxwell, 1995. Frozen storage of ram semen II. Causes of low fertility after cervical insemination and methods of improvement. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 38: 1-36.
CrossRef  |  

Saleh, R.A. and A. Agarwal, 2002. Oxidative stress and male infertility: From research bench to clinical practice. J Androl., 23: 737-752.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Sarıozkan, S., M.N. Bucak, P.B. Tuncer, P.A. Ulutas and A. Bilgen, 2009. The influence of cysteine and taurine on microscopic-oxidative stres parameters and fertilizing ability of bull semen following cryopreservation. Cryobiology, 58: 134-138.
PubMed  |  

Shanon, P. and B. Curson, 1983. Effects of egg yolk levels on the fertility of diluted bovine sperm stored at ambient tempratures. Newzealand J. Agri. Res., 26: 187-189.

Sikka, S.C., 2004. Role of oxidative stress and antioxidants in andrology and assisted reproductive technology. J. Androl., 25: 5-18.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Szczesniak-Fabianczyk, B., M. Bochenek, Z. Smorag and M.A. Silvestre, 2003. Effect of antioxidants added to boar semen extender on the semen survival time and sperm chromatinestructure. Reprod. Biol., 3: 81-87.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Taylor, C.T., 2001. Antioxidants and reactive oxygen species in human fertility. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 10: 189-198.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Uysal, O. and M.N. Bucak, 2007. Effects of oxidized glutathione, bovine serum albumin, cysteine and licopene on the quality of frozen-thawed ram semen. Acta Vet. Brno, 76: 383-390.
Direct Link  |  

Van der Horst, C.J.G. and H.J.G. Grooten, 1966. The occurance of hypotaurine and other sulpher containing amino acids in seminal plasma and spermatozoa of boar, bull and dog. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 117: 495-497.
PubMed  |  

Vandemark, N.L., G.W. Salisbury and R.W. Bratton, 1949. Oxygen damage to bull spermatozoa and its prevention by catalase. J. Dairy Sci., 32: 353-360.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Wang, Y.P., G.B. Zhou, Y. Zeng, J.J. Li, Q.J. Zhang, Y.P. Hou and S.E. Zhu, 2011. Impact on hyperactivated motility of cryopreserved mouse sperm from pretreatment with thimerosal. Asian J. Anim. Vet. Adv., 6: 1052-1060.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Watson, P.F., 2000. The cause of reduced fertility with cryopreserved semen. Anim. Reprod. Sci., 60-61: 481-492.
PubMed  |  

Yamashiro, H., H. Wang, Y. Yamashita, K. Kumamoto and T. Terada, 2006. Enhanced freezeability of goat spermatozoa collected into tubes containing extender supplemented with Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA). J. Reprod. Dev., 52: 407-414.
PubMed  |  

Yildiz, C., A. Kaya, M. Aksoy and T. Tekeli, 2000. Influence of sugar supplementation of the extender on motility, viability and acrosomal integrity of dog spermatozoa during freezing. Theriogenology, 54: 579-585.
PubMed  |