References

Adi-Bessalem, S., D. Hammoudi-Triki and F. Laraba-Djebari, 2008. Pathophysiological effects of Androctonus australis hector scorpion venom: Tissue damages and inflammatory response. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol., 60: 373-378.
PubMed  |  

Altinkaynak, S., V. Ertekin and H. Alp, 2002. Scorpion envenomation in children. Turk. Arch. Ped., 37: 48-54.

Bahloul, M., C. Ben Hamida, K. Chtourou, H. Ksibi and H. Dammak et al., 2004. Evidence of myocardial ischaemia in severe scorpion envenomation. Myocardial perfusion scintigraphy study. Intensive Care Med., 30: 461-467.
PubMed  |  

Bawaskar, H.S., 2005. Management of severe scorpion sting at rural settings: What is the role of scorpion antivenom? J. Venom. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop. Dis., 11: 3-7.
CrossRef  |  

Benvenuti, L.A., K.V. Douettsa and J.L. Cardoso, 2002. Myocardial necrosis after envenomation by the scorpion Tityus serrulatus. Trans. Royal Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 96: 275-276.
PubMed  |  

Bertazzi, D.T., A.I. de Assis-Pandochi, A.E. Azzolini, V.L. Talhaferro, M. Lazzarini and E.C. Arantes, 2003. Effects of Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom and its major toxin. TsTX-1, on the complement system in vivo. Toxicon, 41: 501-508.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

Cesaretli, Y. and O. Ozkan, 2010. Scorpion stings in Turkey: Epidemiological and clinical aspects between the years 1995 and 2004. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo, 52: 215-220.
CrossRef  |  

Chen, Y.N., Z.R. Luo, L.J. Zeng, M.Y. Wu, Y.Z. Wu and Z.Y. Lin, 2000. Cardiac troponin I: A marker for post-burn cardiac injury. Ann. Clin. Biochem., 37: 447-451.
PubMed  |  

Chu, W.W., R.S. Dieter and C.K. Stone, 2002. Evolving clinical applications of cardiac markers: A review of the literature. WMJ, 101: 49-55.
PubMed  |  

Correa, M.M., S.V. Sampaio, R.A. Lopes, L.C. Mancuso, O.A. Cunha, J.J. Franco and J.R. Giglio, 1997. Biochemical and histopathological alterations induced in rats by Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom and its major neurotoxin Tityustoxin-I. Toxicon, 35: 1053-1057.
PubMed  |  

Cupo, P. and S.E. Hering, 2002. Cardiac troponin I release after severe scorpion envenoming by Tityus serrulatus. Toxicon, 40: 823-830.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Cupo, P., M. Jurca, M.M. Azeedo-Marques, J.S. Oliveira and S.E. Hering, 1994. Severe scorpion envenomation in Brazil, Clinical, laboratory and anatomopathological aspects. Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo, 36: 67-76.
PubMed  |  

Daisley, H., D. Alexander and P. Pitt-Miller, 1999. Acute myocarditis following Tityus trinitatis envenoming: Morphological and pathophysiological characteristics. Toxicon, 37: 159-165.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

De Roodt, A.R., N.R. Lago, O.D. Salomon, R.D. Laskowicz and L.E.N. de Roman et al., 2009. A new venomous scorpion responsible for severe envenomation in Argentina: Tityus confluens. Toxicon, 53: 1-8.
PubMed  |  

De-Matos, I.M., A. Talvani, O.O. Rocha, L. Freire-Maia and M.M. Teixeira, 2001. Evidence fort the role of mast cells in the lung edema induced by Tityus serrulatus venom in rats. Toxicon, 39: 861-867.
PubMed  |  

Demirsoy, A., Y. Durmus and A. Akbulut, 2001. Turkey Scorpions (scorpions), and biological investigation of the systematic FAUNA. Project No: 1998 K 1001, 40th General Directorate of the Ministry of Environment Animal Protection, Environmental Protection Department, Ankara.

Deshpande, S.B. and A.B. Alex, 2000. On the management of scorpion sting/reply letters. Heart, 83: 582-582.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Dittrich, K., R. Ahmed and A.A. Quanta, 2002. Cardiac arrest following scorpion envenomation, Case reports. Ann. Saudi Med., 22: 87-90.
Direct Link  |  

El Amin, E.O., 2003. The clinical management of scorpion stings in children. Qatar Med. J., 12: 11-14.

Freira-Maria, L., 1990. Pharmacology of Tityus serrulatus scorpion venom. Anex. Memo. Inst. Butantan, 52: 51-57.
Direct Link  |  

Fukuhara, Y.D., M.L. Reis, R. Dellalibera-Joviliano, F.Q. Cunha and E.A. Donadi, 2003. Increased levels of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-α in patients moderately or severely envenomed by Tityus serrulatus scorpion sting. Toxicon, 41: 49-55.
PubMed  |  

Gueron, M. and I. Ovsyshcher, 1987. What is the treatment for the cardiovascular manifestations of scorpion envenomation? Toxicon, 25: 121-124.

Hering, S.E., M. Jurca, F.L. Vichi, M.M. Azevedo-Marques and P. Cupo, 1993. Reversible cardiomyopathy in patients with severe scorpion envenoming by Tityus serrulatus: Evolution of enzymatic, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic alterations. Ann. Trop. Paediatr, 13: 173-182.
PubMed  |  

Herrmann, J., L. Volbracht, M. Haude, H. Eggebrecht, N. Malyar, K. Mann and R. Erbel, 2001. Biochemical markers of ischemic and non-ischemic myocardial damage. Med. Klin., 96: 144-156.
PubMed  |  

Ibrahim, H.A., Z.I. Nabil and M.S. Abdel-Rahman, 1996. Effect of scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus (H&E) venom on the electrophysiology of mammalian heart. III-Blood biochemical studies. J. Egypt Ger. Soc. Zool., 21: 309-312.

Isbister, G.K., A. Graudins, J. White and D. Warrell, 2003. Antivenom treatment in Arachnidism. J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol., 41: 291-300.
PubMed  |  

Ismail, M., 1993. Serotherapy of the scorpion envenoming syndrome is irrationally convicted without trail. Toxicon, 31: 1077-1083.

Ismail, M., 1995. The scorpion envenoming syndrome. Toxicon, 33: 825-858.
PubMed  |  

Ismail, M., 2003. Treatment of the scorpion envenoming syndrome: 12-years experience with serotherapy. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents, 21: 253-261.

Ismail, M., M.A. Abd-Elsalam and M.S. Al-Ahaidib, 1994. Androctonus crassicauda (Olivier), a dangerous and unduly neglected scorpion-I. Pharmacological and clinical studies. Toxicon, 32: 1599-1618.
PubMed  |  

Karakurt, C. and G. Kocak, 2007. Toxic myocarditis after scorpion envenomation: Case Report. J. Inonu. Univ. Med. Fac., 14: 61-63.

Karnad, D., 1998. Heamodynamic patterns in patients with scorpion envenomation. Heart, 79: 485-489.
PubMed  |  

Latifi, M. and M. Tabatabi, 1979. Immunological studies on Iranian scorpion venom and antivenom. Toxicon, 17: 617-620.
Direct Link  |  

Magalhaes, M.M., M.E. Preira, C.F. Amaral, N.A. Rezende and D. Campolina et al., 1999. Serum levels of cytokines in patients envenomed by Tityus serrulatus scorpion sting. Toxicon, 37: 1155-1164.
PubMed  |  

Meki, A.R., M.A. Mohey and Z.M. El-Dean, 1998. Serum interleukin-1beta, interleukin-6, nitric oxide and alpha1-antitrypsin in scorpion envenomed children. Toxicon, 36: 1851-1859.

Meki, A.R., Z.M. Mohamed and H.M. Mohey El-deen, 2003. Significance of assessment of serum cardiac troponin I and interleukin-8 in scorpion envenomed children. Toxicon, 241: 129-137.
PubMed  |  

Mirakabadi, A.Z., A. Jalali, E.A. Jahromi, H. Vatanpour and A. Akbary, 2006. Biochemical changes and manifestation of envenomation produced by Odonthobuthus doriae scorpion venom in rabbit. J. Venom. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop. Dis., 12: 67-77.
CrossRef  |  

Omran, M.A. and M.S. Abdel-Rahman, 1992. Effect of scorpion Leiurus quinquestriatus (H & E) venom on the clinical chemistry parameters of the rat. Toxicol Lett., 61: 99-109.

Osnaya-Romero, N., T.J. Medina-Hernandez, S.S. Flores-Hernandez and G. Leon-Rojas, 2001. Clinical symptoms observed in children envenomated by scorpion stings, at the children's hospital from the state of Morelos, Mexico. Toxicon, 39: 781-785.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Ozkan, O., F. Bakir and S. Adiguzel, 2008. Effects of Androctonus crassicauda (Olivier, 1807) (Scorpiones: Buthidae) venom on rat metabolism. J. Venom. Anim. Toxins incl. Trop. Dis., 14: 45-47.
CrossRef  |  

Pipelzadeh, M.H., A. Jalali, M. Taraz, R. Pourabbas and A. Zaremirakabadi, 2007. An epidemiological and a clinical study on scorpionism by the Iranian scorpion Hemiscorpius lepturus. Toxicon, 50: 984-992.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Pipelzadeh, M.H., A.R. Dezfulian, M.T. Jalali and A.K. Mansouri, 2006. In vitro and in vivo studies on some toxic effects of the venom from Hemiscorpious lepturus scorpion. Toxicon, 48: 93-103.
PubMed  |  

Pirgon, O., A. Sert, M.E. Atabek and H. Tokgoz, 2005. The follow-up by cardiac troponin I of cardiac involvement in a case with scorpion envonoming. Selcuk Tıp. Derg., 21: 88-90.

Sahin, A., H. Ozbek, H. Dulger, G. Ozturk and G. Dagoglu, 2004. Effects of scorpion (Mesobuthus eupeus) envenomation on blood constituents in rats? Indian. Vet. J., 81: 519-520.

Ucar, G. and C. Tas, 2003. Cholinesterase inhibitory activities of the scorpion Mesobuthus gibbosus (Buthidae) venom peptides. FABAD J. Pharm. Sci., 28: 61-70.