References

Artan, M., F. Karadeniz, M.Z. Karagozlu, M.M. Kim and S.K. Kim, 2010. Anti-HIV-1 activity of low molecular weight sulfated chitooligosaccharides. Carbohydr. Res., 345: 656-662.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

Baraz, L., Y. Haupt, M. Elkin, T. Peretz and I. Vlodavsky, 2006. Tumor suppressor p53 regulates heparanase gene expression. Oncogene, 25: 3939-3947.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Bogenrieder, T. and M. Herlyn, 2003. Axis of evil: Molecular mechanisms of cancer metastasis. Oncogene, 22: 6524-6536.
CrossRef  |  

Cai, Y.G., D.C. Fang, L. Chen, X.D. Tang and T. Chen et al., 2007. Dendritic cells reconstituted with a human heparanase gene induce potent cytotoxic T-cell responses against gastric tumor cells in vitro. Tumor Biol., 28: 238-246.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Chae, S.Y., M.K. Jang and J.W. Nah, 2005. Influence of molecular weight on oral absorption of water soluble chitosans. J. Controlled Release, 102: 383-394.
Direct Link  |  

Couckea, D., M. Schotsaert, C. Libert, E. Pringels and C. Vervaet et al., 2009. Spray-dried powders of starch and crosslinked poly(acrylic acid) as carriers for nasal delivery of inactivated influenza vaccine. Vaccine, 27: 1279-1286.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Foged, C., A. Sundblad and L. Hovgaard, 2002. Targeting vaccines to dendritic cells. Pharm. Res., 19: 229-238.
CrossRef  |  

Graeber, T.G., C. Osmanian, T. Jacks, D.E. Housman, C.J. Koch, S.W. Lowe and A.J. Giaccia, 1996. Hypoxia-mediated selection of cells with diminished apoptotic potential in solid tumours. Nature, 379: 88-91.
CrossRef  |  

Han, H.D., T.W. Kim, Y.S. Park, K.H. Noh, J.H. Kim, T. Hwang, T.W. Kim and B.C. Shin, 2008. A chitosan hydrogel-based cancer drug delivery system exhibits synergistic antitumor effects by combining with a vaccinia viral vaccine. Int. J. Pharm., 350: 27-34.
PubMed  |  

Han, Y.P., L.H. Zhao, Z.J. Yu, J. Feng and Q.Q. Yu, 2005. Role of mannose receptor in oligochitosan-mediated stimulation of macrophage function. Int. Immunopharmacol, 5: 1533-1542.
CrossRef  |  

He, X.T., P.E.C. Brenchley, G.C. Jayson, L. Hampson, J. Davies and I.N. Hampson, 2004. Hypoxia increases heparanase-dependent tumor cell invasion, which can be inhibited by antiheparanase antibodies. Cancer Res., 64: 3928-3933.
PubMed  |  

Hu, T., D Li and Y. Zhao, 2009. Development of the hsp110-heparanase vaccine to enhance antitumor immunity using the chaperoning properties of hsp110. Mol. Immunol., 47: 298-301.
PubMed  |  

Ilan, N., M. Elkin and I. Vlodavsky, 2006. Regulation, function and clinical significance of heparanase in cancer metastasis and angiogenesis. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol., 38: 2018-2039.
PubMed  |  

Illum, L., I. Jabbal-Gill, M. Hinchcliffe, A.N. Fisher and S.S. Davis, 2001. Chitosan as a novel nasal delivery system for vaccines. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev., 51: 81-96.
Direct Link  |  

Joyce, J.A. and J.W. Pollard, 2009. Microenvironmental regulation of metastasis. Nat. Rev. Cancer, 9: 239-252.
CrossRef  |  

Karagozlu, M.Z., J.A. Kim, F. Karadeniza, C.S. Kong and S.K. Kim, 2010. Anti-proliferative effect of aminoderivatized chitooligosaccharides on AGS human gastric cancer cells. Process Biochem., 45: 1523-1528.
CrossRef  |  

Kim, S.K. and N. Rajapakse, 2005. Enzymatic production and biological activities of Chitosan Oligosaccharides (COS): A review. Carbonhydr. Polym., 62: 357-368.
CrossRef  |  

Kim, S.T. and C.K. Kim, 2007. Water-soluble chitosan-based antisense oligodeoxynucleotide of interleukin-5 for treatment of allergic rhinitis. Biomaterial, 28: 3360-3368.
PubMed  |  

Maeda, Y. and Y. Kimura, 2004. Antitumor effects of various sow-molecular-weight chitosans are due to increased natural killer activity of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes in sarcoma 180-bearing mice. J. Nutr., 134: 945-950.
PubMed  |  

Mao, S., W. Sun and T. Kissel, 2010. Chitosan-based formulations for delivery of DNA and siRNA. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev., 62: 12-27.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Mesa, C. and L.E. Fernandez, 2004. Challenges facing adjuvants for cancer immunotherapy. Immunol. Cell Biol., 82: 644-650.
PubMed  |  

Nadir, Y. and B. Brenner, 2009. Heparanase coagulation and cancer progression. Best Pract. Res. Cl. Ha., 22: 85-92.

O'Hagan, D.T. and N.M. Valiante, 2003. Recent advances in the discovery and delivery of vaccine adjuvant. Nat. Rev. Drug Discov., 2: 727-735.
PubMed  |  

Petrovsky, N. and J.C. Aguilar, 2004. Vaccine adjuvants: Current state and future trends. Immunol. Cell Biol., 82: 488-496.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Porporatto, C., I.D. Bianco and S.G. Correa, 2005. Local and systemic activity of the polysaccharide chitosan at lymphoid tissues after oral administration. J. Leukoc. Biol., 78: 62-69.
PubMed  |  

Prashanth, K.V.H. and R.N. Tharanathan, 2005. Depolymerized products of chitosan as potent inhibitors of tumor-induced angiogenesis. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1722: 22-29.
CrossRef  |  

Prendergast, G.C., 2008. Immune escape as a fundamental trait of cancer: Focus on IDO. Oncogene, 27: 3889-3900.
PubMed  |  

Quan, H.Z., F. Zhu, X.Y. Han, Z.R. Xu, Y.L. Zhao and Z.G. Miao, 2009. Mechanism of anti-angiogenic activities of chitooligosaccharides may be through inhibiting heparanase activity. Med. Hypotheses, 73: 205-206.
PubMed  |  

Rinaudo, M., 2006. Chitin and chitosan: Properties and applications. Prog. Polym. Sci., 31: 603-632.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Rohloff, J., J. Zinke, K. Schoppmeyer, A. Tannapfel, H. Witzigmann, J. Mossner, C Wittekind and K. Caca, 2002. Heparanase expression is a prognostic indicator for postoperative survival in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Br. J. Cancer, 86: 1270-1275.
PubMed  |  

Rosenberg, S.A., J.C. Yang and N. Restifo, 2004. Cancer immunotherapy: Moving beyond current vaccines. Nat. Med., 10: 909-915.
CrossRef  |  

Roy, M. and D. Marchetti, 2009. Cell surface heparan sulfate released by heparanase promotes melanoma cell migration and angiogenesis. J. Cell Biochem., 106: 200-209.
PubMed  |  

Schreiber, H. and D.A. Rowley, 2010. Awakening immunity. Science, 330: 761-762.
CrossRef  |  

Sommerfeldt, N., P. Beckhove, Y.Z. Ge, F. Schutz and C. Choi et al., 2006. Heparanase: A new metastasis-associated antigen recognized in breast cancer patients by spontaneously induced memory T lymphocytes. Cancer Res., 66: 7716-7723.
PubMed  |  

Suh, J.K.F. and H.W.T. Matthew, 2000. Application of chitosan-based polysaccharide biomaterials in cartilage tissue engineering: A review. Biomaterials, 21: 2589-2598.
CrossRef  |  

Takaoka, M., Y. Naomoto, T. Ohkawa, H. Uetsuka and Y. Shirakawa et al., 2003. Heparanase expression correlates with invasion and poor prognosis in gastric cancers. Lab Invest., 83: 613-622.
PubMed  |  

Tang, X.D., Y. Wan, L. Chen, T. Chen and S.T. Yu et al., 2008. H-2K^b-restricted CTL epitopes from mouse heparanase elicit an antitumor immune Rresponse in vivo. Cancer Res., 68: 1529-1537.
PubMed  |  

Villiers, C., M. Chevallet, H. Diemer, R. Couderc and H. Freitas et al., 2009. From secretome analysis to immunology: chitosan induces major alterations in the activation of dendritic cells via a TLR4-dependent mechanism. Mol. Cell Proteomics, 8: 1252-1264.
PubMed  |  

Vlodavsky, I. and Y. Friedmann, 2001. Molecular properties and involvement of heparanase in cancer metastasis and angiogenesis. J. Clin. Invest., 108: 341-347.
Direct Link  |  

Wei, X., Y. Wang, J. Xiao and W.S. Xia, 2009. Separation of chitooligosaccharides and the potent effects on gene expression of cell surface receptor CR3. Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 45: 432-436.
CrossRef  |  

Wenandy, L., R.B. Sorensen, I.M. Svane, P. Thor Straten and M.H. Andersen, 2008. RhoC a new target for therapeutic vaccination against metastatic cancer. Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 57: 1871-1878.
PubMed  |  

Wu, H., Z. Yao, X. Bai, Y. Du and B. Lin, 2008. Anti-angiogenic activities of chitooligosaccharides. Carbonhydr. Polym., 73: 105-110.
CrossRef  |  

Xia, W., P. Liu, J. Zhang and J. Chen, 2011. Biological activities of chitosan and chitooligosaccharides. Food Hydrocolloids, 25: 170-179.
CrossRef  |  

Yamada, K., M. Odomi, N. Okada, T. Fujita and A. Yamamoto, 2005. Chitosan oligomers as potential and safe absorption enhancers for improving the pulmonary absorption of interferon-α in rats. J. Pharm. Sci., 94: 2432-2440.
PubMed  |  

Yang, J.M., H.J. Wang, L. Du, X.M. Han, Z.Y. Ye, Y. Fang and H.Q. Taoet al., 2009. Screening and identification of novel B cell epitopes in human heparanase and their anti-invasion property for hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Immunol. Immunother., 58: 1387-1396.
PubMed  |  

Yang, X.R., X.Y. Yuan, D. Cai, S. Wang and L. Zong, 2009. Low molecular weight chitosan in DNA vaccine delivery via mucosa. Int. J. Pharm., 375: 123-132.
PubMed  |