References

Altmann, J., 1974. Observational study of behaviors: Sampling methods. Behaviour, 49: 227-267.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Autio, E. and M.L. Heiskanen, 2005. Foal behaviour in a loose housing/paddock environment during winter. Applied Anim. Behav. Sci., 91: 277-288.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Benhajali, H., M. Richard-Yris, M. Leroux, M. Ezzaoui, F. Charfi and M. Hausberger, 2008. A note on the time budget and social behavior of densely housed horses: A case study in Arab breeding mares. Applied Anim. Behav. Sci., 112: 196-200.
Direct Link  |  

Boyd, L.E., 1988. Time budget of adult Przewalski horses: Effect of sex, reproductive status and enclosure. Applied Anim. Behav. Sci., 21: 19-39.
Direct Link  |  

Brown-Douglas, C.G., E.C. Firth, T.J. Parkinson and P.F. Fennesy, 2004. Onset of puberty in thoroughbred horses born in spring and autumn. Equine. Vet. J., 36: 499-504.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Casey, R.A., 2002. The Welfare of Horse. In: Horse Behaviour: Evolution, Domestication and Feralisation, Waran, N. (Ed.). Kluwer Academic Publisher, Boston, MA, USA., pp: 5-6.

Chaplin, J.S. and L. Gretgrix, 2010. Effect of housing conditions on activity and lying behavior of horses. Animal, 4: 792-795.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Chaya, L., E. Cowan and B. McGuire, 2006. A note on the relationship between time spent in turnout and behavior turnout in horses (Equus caballus). Applied Anim. Behav. Sci., 98: 155-160.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Christiensen, J.W., J. Ladewig, E. Sondergaard and J. Malmkvist, 2002. Effects of individual versus group stabling on social behaivour in domestic stallions. Applied Anim. Behav. Sci., 75: 233-248.
Direct Link  |  

Chunwang, L., J. Zhigang, Z. Yan and Y. Caie, 2004. Relationship between serum testosterone, dominance and mating success in Pere David's Deer stags. Ethology, 110: 681-691.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

De Vries, H., 1998. Finding a dominance order most consistent with a linear hierarchy: A new procedure and review. Anim. Behav., 55: 827-843.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Heitor, F. and L. Vicente, 2010. Dominance relationships and pattern of aggression in a bachelor group of Sorraia horses (Equus caballus). J. Ethology, 28: 35-44.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Heitor, F., M.D.M. Oom and L. Vicente, 2006. Social relationships in a herd of Sorraia horses Part I. Correlations of social dominance and contexts of aggression. Behav. Processes, 73: 170-177.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Heleski, C.R., A.C. Shelle, B.D. Nielsen and A.J. Zanella, 2002. Influence of housing on weanling horse behavior and subsequent welfare. Applied Anim. Behav. Sci., 78: 291-302.
Direct Link  |  

Hemelrijk, C.K., 1990. Models of and tests for reciprocity, undirectionality and other social interaction pattern at a group level. Anim. Behav., 39: 1013-1029.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Houpt, K., T.R. Houpt, J.L. Johnson, H.N. Erb and S.C. Yean, 2001. The effect of exercise deprivation on the behavior and physiology of straight stall confined pregnant mares. Anim. Welfare, 10: 257-267.
Direct Link  |  

Houpt, K.A., K. Law and V. Martinisi, 1978. Dominance hierarchies in domestic horses. Applied Anim. Ethology, 4: 273-283.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Jorgensen, G.H.M. and K.E. Boe, 2007. A note on the effect of daily exercise and paddock size on the behaviour od domestic horses (Equus caballus). Applied Anim. Behav. Sci., 107: 166-173.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Kurvers, C.M., P.R. Van Weeren, C.W. Rogers and M.C. Van Dierendonck, 2006. Quantification of spontaneous locomotion activity in foals kept in pastures under various management conditions. Am. J. Vet. Res., 67: 1212-1217.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Line, S.W., B.L. Hart and L. Sanders, 1985. Effect of prepubertal versus postpubertal castration on sexual and aggressive behaviour in male horses. J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc., 186: 249-251.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Mal, M.E., T.H. Friend, D.C. Lay, S.G. Vogelsang and O.C. Jenkins, 1991. Behaivoural responses of mares to short-term confinement and social isolation. Applied Anim. Behav. Sci., 31: 13-24.
Direct Link  |  

McDonnell, S.M. and A. Poulin, 2002. Equid play ethogram. Applied Anim. Behav. Sci., 78: 263-290.
Direct Link  |  

McDonnell, S.M. and S.C. Murray, 1995. Bachelor and harem stallion behavior and endocrinology. Biol. Reprod., 1: 577-590.
Direct Link  |  

Ozbeyaz, C. and H. Akcapınar, 1999. Hayvan Yetistiriciligi Temel Bilgileri. Kariyer Matbaacılık Ltd. Sti, Ankara, ISBN: 975-96978-0-7, (In Turkish).

Powell, D.M., 2008. Female-female competition or male mate choice? Pattern of courtship and breeding behavior among feral horses (Equus caballus) on Assateague Island. J. Ethology, 26: 137-144.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Ransom, J.I. and B.S. Cade, 2009. Quantifying equid behavior- A research ethogram for free-roaming feral horses. US Geological Survey, http://digitalcommons.unl.edu/usgspubs/26.

Ransom, J.I., B.S. Cade and N.T. Hobbs, 2010. Influences of immunocontraception on time budgets, social behavior, and body condition in feral horses. Applied Anim. Behav. Sci., 124: 51-60.
CrossRef  |  

Rho, J.R., R.B. Srygley and J.C. Choe, 2004. Behavioral ecology of the Jeju pony (Equus caballus): Effects of maternal age, maternal dominance hierarchy and foal age on mare aggression. Ecol. Res., 19: 55-63.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Rose, R.M., J.W. Holaday and I.S. Bernstein, 1971. Plasma testosterone, dominance rank and aggressive behaviour in male rhesus monkeys. Nature, 231: 366-368.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Rose-Meierhofer, S.R., S. Klaer, C. Ammon, R. Brunsch and G. Hoffmann, 2010. Activity behavior of horses housed in different open barn systems. J. Equine Vet. Sci., 30: 624-634.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Rutberg, A.T. and S.A. Greenberg, 1990. Dominance, aggression frequencies and modes of aggressive competition in feral pony mares. Anim. Behav., 40: 322-331.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Sigurjonsdottir, H., M.C. Van Dierendonck, S. Snorrason and A.G. Thorhallsdottir, 2003. Social relationships in a group of horses without a mature stallion. Behaviour, 140: 783-804.
Direct Link  |  

Van, D.J., 2001. Factors affecting dominance and aggressive interactions among castrated male domestic horses (Equus caballus). Thesis at Bachelor of Science, Department of Biology, Hartwick College, NY

Vervaecke, H., J.M.G. Stevens, H. Vandemoortele, H. Sigurjonsdottir and H. De Vries, 2007. Aggression and dominance in matched groups of subadult Icelandic horses (Equus caballus). J. Ethology, 25: 239-248.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Zharkikh, T.L. and L. Andersen, 2009. Behaviour of bachelor males of the Przewalski horse (Equus ferus przewalskii) at the reserve Askania Nowa. Zool. Garten, 78: 282-299.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |