References

ATSDR, 2003. Toxic substances portal: Selenium. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registery, http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxfaqs/tf.asp?id=152&tid=28.

Ali, S.A. and D.R. Hill, 2003. Giardia intestinalis. Curr. Opin. Infect. Dis., 16: 453-460.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Ankri, S. and D. Mirelman, 1999. Antimicrobial properties of allicin from garlic. Microbes Infect., 1: 125-129.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Blagburn, B.L., K.L. Drain, T.M. Land, R.G. Kinard and P.H. Moore et al., 1998. Comparative efficacy evolution of dicationic corbmazole compounds, nitazoxanide, paromomycin against Cryptosporidium parvum infection in a neonatal mouse model. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 24: 2877-2882.
PubMed  |  

Busatti, H.G., J.F. Santos and M.A. Gomes, 2009. The old and new therapeutic approaches to the treatment of giardiasis: Where are we?. Biologics, 3: 273-287.
PubMed  |  

Campanti, L. and L. Monteino-Leal, 2002. The effects of the antiprotozoal metronidazole and furazolidone on trophozoites of Giardia lamblia (p1 strain). Parasitol. Res., 88: 80-85.

De Souza, A.P., G.M. de Oliveira, J. Vanderpas, S.L. de Castro, M.T. Rivera and T.C. Araujo-Jorge, 2003. Selenium supplementation at low doses contributes to the decrease in heart damage in experimental Trypanasoma cruzi infection. Parasitol. Res., 91: 51-54.
Direct Link  |  

Escobedo, A.A., P. Almirall, L.J. Robertson, R.M. Franco, K. Hanevik, K. Morch and S. Cimerman, 2010. Giardiasis: The ever-present threat of a neglected disease. Infect. Disord. Drug Target, 10: 329-348.
PubMed  |  

Faubert, G.M., 1996. The immune response to Giardia. Parasitol. Today, 12: 140-145.
PubMed  |  

Gillis, J.C. and L.R. Wiseman, 1996. Secnidazole a review of its antimicrobial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use in the management of protozoal infections and bacterial vaginosis. Drugs, 51: 621-638.
PubMed  |  

Grant, J,. S. Mahanty, A. Khadir, J.D. MacLean and E. Kokoskin et al., 2001. Wheat germ supplement reduces cyst and trophozoites passage in people with Giardiasis. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg., 65: 705-710.
PubMed  |  

Harris, J.C., S. Plummer, M.P. Turner and D. Lloyd, 2000. The microaerophilic flagellate Giardia intestinalis: Allium sativum (garlic) is an effective antigiardial. Microbiology, 146: 3119-3127.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Hawrelak, J., 2003. Giardiasis: Pathophysiology and management. Altern. Med. Rev., 8: 129-134.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Hill, D.R., R.L. Guerrant, R.D. Pearson and E.L. Hewlett, 1983. Giardia lamblia infection of suckling mice. J. Infect. Dis., 147: 217-221.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Huang, K. and S. Yang, 2002. Inhibitory effect of selenium on Cryptosporidium parvum infection in vitro and in vivo. Biol. Trace Elem. Res., 90: 261-272.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Islamova, Z.I., V.N. Syrov, Z.A. Khushbaktova and S.O. Osipova, 2010. The efficacy of ecdystene versus metronidazole in the treatment of lambliasis. Med. Parazitol. (Mosk), 2: 14-17.
PubMed  |  

Lengerich, E.J., D.G. Addiss and D.D. Juranek, 1994. Severe giardiasis in the United States. Clin. Infect. Dis., 18: 760-763.

Meng, T.C., M.L. Hetsko and F.D. Gillin, 1996. Inhibition of Giardia lamblia excystation by antibodies against cyst walls and by wheat germ agglutinin. Infect. Immun., 64: 2151-2157.
PubMed  |  

Miron, T., A. Rabinkov, D. Mielman, M. Wilchek and L. Weiner, 2000. The mode of action of allicin: Its ready permeability through phospholipids membranes may contribute to its biological activity. Biochem. Biophys. Acta, 1463: 20-30.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

Ortega-Barria, E., H.D. Ward, G.T. Keusch and M.E. Pereira, 1994. Growth inhibition of the intestinal parasite Giardia lamblia by a dietary lectin is associated with arrest of the cell cycle. J. Clin. Invest., 94: 2283-2288.
PubMed  |  

Owen, R.L., 1980. The ultrastructural basis of Giardia function. Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 74: 429-433.
PubMed  |  

Prasd, K., V.A. Laxdal, M. Yu and B.L. Raney, 1995. Antioxidant activity of allicin, an active principle in garlic. Mol. Cell Biochem., 148: 183-189.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Rabinkov, A., T. Miron, L. Konstantinovski, M. Wilchek, D. Mirelman and L. Weiner, 1998. The mode of action of allicin: Trapping of radicals and interaction with thiol containing proteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA)-Gen. Subj., 1379: 233-244.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Rivera, M.T., A.P. de Souza, T.C. Araujo-Jorge, S.L. de Castro and J. Vanderpas, 2003. Trace elements, innate immune response and parasites. Clin. Chem. Lab. Med., 41: 1020-1025.
PubMed  |  

Robert, L.S. and J. Jr Janovy, 1996. Foundations of Parasitology. 5th Edn., WMC. Brown, Boston, MA., pp: 82-86..

SPSS, 1999. Statistical Package for Social Science for Widows, Release 10.0.1, Standard Version. SPSS Inc., USA..

Salem, S.A, M.A. Azab, S.A. Soffar, S.A. Bishara and A.A. El Kadery, 1990. A study of adhesive organells of Giardia intestinalis. J. Egypt. Soc. Parasitol., 20: 203-207.
PubMed  |  

Samuelson, J., 1999. Why metronidazole is active against both bacteria and parasites. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother., 43: 1533-1541.

Shukla, G., P. Devi and R. Sehgal, 2008. Effect of Lactobacillus casei as a probiotic onmodulation of giardiasis. Dig. Dis. Sci., 53: 2671-2679.
PubMed  |  

Smith, M. and L.S. Croft, 1991. Embedding and thin section preparation. In: Electron Microscopy in Biology, A Practical Approach, Rickwood, D. and B.D. Harris (Eds.). IRL Press, Oxford. pp: 17-37.

Solari, A.J., M.I. Rahn, A. Saura and H.D. Lujan, 2003. A unique mechanism of nuclear division in Giardia lamblia involves components of the ventral disk and nuclear envelope. Biocell., 27: 329-346.
PubMed  |  

Tian, X.F., H.E. Shen, J. Li, Y. Chen, Z.H. Yang and S.Q. Lu, 2010. The effects of dihydroartemisinin on Giardia lamblia morphology and cell cycle in vitro. Parasitol. Res., 107: 369-375.
PubMed  |  

Upcroft, J.A. and P. Upcroft, 1998. Future therapeutic alternatives for combating anaerobic protozoa. Parasitol. Today, 14: 121-214.
PubMed  |