References

Allan, L.G., A.J. Hussey, J. Howie, G.J. Beckett, A.F. Smith, J.D. Hayes and G.B. Drummond, 1987. Hepatic glutathione S transferase release after halothane anesthesia: Open randomised comparison with isoflurane. Lancet, 329: 771-774.
CrossRef  |  

Allaouchiche, B., R. Debon, J. Goudable, D. Chassard and F. Duflo, 2001. Oxidative stress status during exposure to propofol, sevoflurane and desflurane. Anesth. Analg., 93: 981-985.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Arslan, M., O. Kurtipek, A.T. Dogan, Y. Unal and Y. Kizil et al., 2009. Comparison of effects of anaesthesia with desflurane and enflurane on liver function. Singapore Med. J., 50: 73-77.
Direct Link  |  

Arslan, M., Z. Ozkose, G. Akyol and G. Barit, 2010. The age-and gender-dependent effects of desflurane and sevoflurane on rat liver. Exp. Toxicol. Pathol., 62: 35-43.
CrossRef  |  

Berghaus, T.M., A. Baron, A. Geiger, R. Lamerz and G. Paumgartner, 1999. Hepatotoxicity following desflurane anesthesia. Hepatology, 29: 613-614.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Bezerra, F., A.A. Rezende, S.J. Rodrigues and M.G. Almedia, 2004. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances as an index of lipid peroxidation in sevoflurane-treated rats. Rev. Bras. Anestesiol., 54: 640-649.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Bucala, R., K.J. Tracey and A. Cerami, 1991. Advanced glycosylation products quench nitric oxide and mediate defective endothelium-dependent vasodilatation in experimental diabetes. J. Clin. Invest., 87: 432-438.
CrossRef  |  

Carbonell, L.F., J.A. Nadal, C. Llanos, I. Hernandez, E. Nava and J. Diaz, 2000. Depletion of liver glutathione potantiates the oxidative stress and decreases nitric oxide synthesis in rat endotoxin shock model. Crit. Care. Med., 28: 2002-2006.

Chin, W.M., D.B. Njoku, G. MacQuillan, W.S. Cheng and N. Kontorinis, 2008. Desflurane-induced acute liver failure. Med. J. Aust., 189: 293-294.
Direct Link  |  

Cote, G. and S. Bouchard, 2007. Hepatotoxicity after desflurane anesthesia in a 15-month-old child with Mobius syndrome after previous exposure to isoflurane. Anesthesiology, 107: 843-845.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Dikmen, B., Y. Unal, H.K. Pampal, N. Nurlu and O. Kurtipek et al., 2007. Effects of repeated desflurane and sevoflurane anesthesia on enzymatic free radical scavanger system. Mol. Cell. Biochem., 294: 31-36.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Durak, I., H.S. Ozturk, B. Dikmen, C. Guven and M.Y. Cimen et al., 1999. Isoflurane impairs antioxidant defense system in guinea pig kidney. Can. J. Anaesth., 46: 797-802.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Durak, I., M. Kavutcu, M. Kacmaz, A. Avci and E. Horasanli et al., 2001. Effects of isoflurane on nitric oxide metabolism and oxidant status of guinea pig myocardium. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand., 45: 119-122.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Durak, I., O. Canbolat, M. Kavutcu, H.S. Ozturk and Z. Yurtarslanı, 1996. Activities of total, cytoplasmic and mihochondrial superoxide dismutase enzymes in sera and pleural fluids from patient with lung cancer. J. Clin. Lab. Anal., 10: 17-20.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Durak, I., O. Kurtipek, H.S. Ozturk, M. Birey and T. Guven et al., 1997. Impaired antioxidant defense in guinea pig heart tissues treated with halothane. Can. J. Anaesth., 44: 1014-1120.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Durak, I., T. Guven, M. Birey, H.S. Ozturk and O. Kurtipek et al., 1996. Halothane hepatotoxicity and hepatic free radical metabolism in guinea pigs: The effects of vitamin E. Can. J. Anaesth., 43: 741-748.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Eger II, E.I. and B.H. Johnson, 1987. MAC of I-653 in rats, including a test of the effect of body temperature and anesthetic duration. Anesth. Analg., 66: 974-976.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Habig, W.H., M.J. Pabst and W.B. Jakoby, 1974. Glutathione S-transferases: The first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. J. Biol. Chem., 249: 7130-7139.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Haelewyn, B., L. Zhu, J.L. Hanouz, E. Persehaye, S. Roussel, P. Ducouret and J.L. Gerard, 2004. Cardioprotective effects of desflurane: Effect of timing and duration of administration in rat myocardium. Br. J. Anaesth., 92: 552-557.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Ignarro, L.J., G.M. Buga, K.S. Wood, R.E. Byrns and G. Chaudhuri, 1987. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor produced and released from artery and vein is nitric oxide. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. USA, 84: 9265-9269.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Kang, M.Y., M. Tsuchiya, L. Packer and M. Manabe, 1998. In vitro study on antioxidant potential of various drugs used in the perioperative period. Acta Anaesthesiol. Scand., 42: 4-12.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Koksal, G.M., C. Sayilgan, S. Aydin, H. Uzun and H. Oz, 2004. The effects of sevoflurane and desflurane on lipid peroxidation during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Eur. J. Anaesth., 21: 217-220.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Lowry, O.H., N.J. Rosebrough, A.L. Farr and R.J. Randall, 1951. Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. J. Biol. Chem., 193: 265-275.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Martin, J.L., D.J. Plevak, K.D. Flannery, D. Charlton and J.J. Poterucha et al., 1995. Hepatotoxicity after desflurane anesthesia. Anesthesiology, 83: 1125-1129.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Prabhu, K.S., P.V. Reddy, E.C. Jones, A.D. Liken and C. Reddy, 2004. Characterization of a class alpha glutathione-S-transferase with glutathione peroxidase activity in human liver microsomes. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 424: 72-80.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Richard, M.J., B. Portal, J. Meo, C. Coudray, A. Hadjian and A.E. Favier, 1992. Malondialdehyde kit evaluated for determining plasma and lipoprotein fractions that react with thiobarbituric acid. Clin. Chem., 38: 704-709.
Direct Link  |  

Rohn, K.D., S.W. Suttner, J. Boldt, T.A.H. Schollhorn and S.N. Piper, 2005. Insignifıcant effect of desflurane-fentanyl-thiopental on hepatocellular integrity-a comparison with total intravenous anaesthesia using propofol-remifentanil. Eur. J. Anesth., 22: 209-214.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Schmidt, C.C., S.W. Suttner, S.N. Piper, D. Nagel and J. Boldt, 1999. Comparison of the effects of desflurane and isoflurane anaesthesia on hepatocellular function assessed by alpha glutathione S-transferase. Anaesthesia, 54: 1207-1211.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Schneemilch, C.E., T. Hachenberg, S. Ansorge, A. Ittenson and U. Bank, 2005. Effects of different anaesthetic agents on immune cell function in vitro. Eur. J. Anaesthesiol., 22: 616-623.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Sessa, W.C., 1994. The nitric oxide synthase family of proteins. J. Vasc. Res., 31: 131-143.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Suttner, S.W., C.C. Schmidt, J. Boldt, I. Huttner, B. Kumle and S.N. Piper, 2000. Low-flow desflurane and sevoflurane anesthesia minimally affect hepatic integrity and function in elderly patients. Anesth. Analg., 91: 206-212.
Direct Link  |  

Tiainen, P., L. Lindgren and P.H. Rosenberg, 1998. Changes in hepatocellular integrity during and after desflurane or isoflurane anaesthesia in patients undergoing breast surgery. Br. J. Anaesth., 80: 87-89.

Tung, D., E.M. Yoshida, C.S. Wang and U.P. Steinbrecher, 2005. Severe desflurane hepatotoxicity after colon surgery in an elderly patient: [Severe hepatotoxicite au desflurane apres une operation du colon chez une patiente agee]. Can. J. Anaesth., 52: 133-136.
CrossRef  |  

Van Ye, T.M., A.M. Roza, G.M. Pieper, J. Henderson, C.P. Johnson and M.B. Adams, 1993. Inhibition of intestinal lipid peroxidation does not minimize morphologic damage. J. Surg. Res., 55: 553-558.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Wolin, M.S., M. Ahmad and S.A. Gupte, 2005. The sources of oxidative stress in the vessel wall. Kidney Int., 67: 1659-1661.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Xu, J., Y. Chang, B. Ouyang, Z. Lu and L. Li, 1998. Influence of isoflurane and sevoflurane on metabolism of oxygen free radicals in cardiac valve replacement. Hunan Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao, 23: 489-491.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |