References

Acquavella, J.F., B.H. Alexander, J.S. Mandel, C. Gustin, B. Baker, P. Chapman and M. Bleeke, 2004. Glyphosate biomonitoring for farmers and their families: Results from the farm family exposure study. Environ. Health Perspect., 112: 321-326.
Direct Link  |  

Ahmad, I., T. Hamid, M. Fatima, H.S. Chand, S.K. Jain, M. Athar and S. Raisuddin, 2000. Induction of hepatic antioxidants in freshwater catfish (Channa punctatus Bloch) is a biomarker of paper mill effluent exposure. Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 1523: 37-48.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  

Bancroft, J.D. and A. Stevens, 1977. Theory and Practice of Histological Technique. 3rd Edn., Churchill Livingstone, New York, USA., pp: 89.

Barham, D. and P. Trinder, 1972. An improved colour reagent for the determination of blood glucose by the oxidase system. Analyst, 97: 142-145.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Barham, D. and P. Trinder, 1972. An improved colour reagent for the determination of blood glucose by the oxidase system. Analyst, 97: 142-145.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Bean, C.M., 2009. Pesticides Manual. 16th Edn., British Crop Production Council, Berkshire, London, UK.

Benedetti, A.L., C. de Lourdes Vituri, A.G. Trentin, M.A.C. Domingues and M. Alvarez-Silva, 2004. The effects of sub-chronic exposure of Wistar rats to the herbicide Glyphosate-Biocarb^®. Toxicol. Lett., 153: 227-232.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Beuret, C.J., F. Zirulnik and M.S. Gimenez, 2005. Effect of the herbicide glyphosate on liver lipoperoxidation in pregnant rats and their fetuses. Reprod. Toxicol., 19: 501-504.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Beutler, E., O. Duron and B.M. Kelly, 1963. Improved method for the determination of blood glutathione. J. Lab. Clin. Med., 61: 882-888.
PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Caglar, S. and D. Kolankaya, 2008. The effect of sub-acute and sub-chronic exposure of rats to the glyphosate-based herbicide Roundup. Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 25: 57-62.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Cavalcante, D.G.S.M., C.B.R. Martinez and S.H. Sofia, 2008. Genotoxic effects of Roundup^® on the fish Prochilodus lineatus. Mutat. Res./Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagenesis, 655: 41-46.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Chan, P. and J. Mahler, 1992. NTP technical report on the toxicity studies of Glyphosate (CAS No. 1071-83-6) administered in dosed feed To F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice. NIH Publication No. 92-3135. http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/htdocs/st_rpts/tox016.pdf.

Collins, A.R., S.J. Duthie and V.L. Dobson, 1993. Direct enzymic detection of endogenous oxidative base damage in human lymphocyte DNA. Carcinogenesis, 14: 1733-1735.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Doumas, B.T., W.A. Watson and H.G. Biggs, 1971. Albumin standards and the measurement of serum albumin with bromcresol green. Clin. Chim. Acta, 31: 87-96.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

El-Demerdash, F.M., M.I. Yousef and E.I. Elagamy, 2001. Influence of paraquat, glyphosate, and cadmium on the activity of some serum enzymes and protein electrophoretic behavior (in vitro). J. Environ. Sci. Health B, 36: 29-42.
CrossRef  |  

Ellman, G.L., K.D. Courtney, V. Andres Jr. and R.M. Featherstone, 1961. A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity. Biochem. Pharmacol., 7: 88-90.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Fraga, C.G., E. Cavanagh F. Carrasquedo, S. Lotito, F. Lucesoli and P.I. Oteiza, 1996. Antioxidant Defenses and Mechanisms of Protection against Oxygen Radicals. In: Physiology and Biochemistry of the Fishes of the Amazon, Val, A.L., V.M.F. de Almeida-Val and D.J. Randall (Eds.). Institute for Nuclear and Particle Astrophysics, Berkeley, CA., USA., pp: 323-330.

Giesy, J.P., S. Dobson and K.R. Solomon, 2000. Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment for Roundup^® Herbicide. In: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology: Continuation of Residue Reviews, Ware, G.W. (Ed.). Vol. 167, Springer, New York, USA., pp: 35-120.

Glusczak, L., D. dos Santos Miron, M. Crestani, M.B. da Fonseca, F.A. Pedron, M.F. Duarte and V.L.P. Vieira, 2006. Effect of glyphosate herbicide on acetylcholinesterase activity and metabolic and hematological parameters in piava (Leporinus obtusidens). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 65: 237-241.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Glusczak, L., D.D.S. Miron, B.S Moraes, R.R. Simoes, M.R.C. Schetinger, V.M. Morsch and V.L. Loro, 2007. Acute effects of glyphosate herbicide on metabolic and enzymatic parameters of silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C: Toxicol. Pharmacol., 146: 519-524.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Habig, W.H., M.J. Pabst and W.B. Jakoby, 1974. Glutathione S-transferases: The first enzymatic step in mercapturic acid formation. J. Biol. Chem., 249: 7130-7139.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Li, W., D. Yin, Y. Zhou, S. Hu and L. Wang, 2003. 3,4-dichloroaniline-induced oxidative stress in liver of crucian carp (Carassius auratus). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 56: 251-255.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Malik, J., G. Barry and G. Kishore, 1989. The herbicide glyphosate. BioFactors, 2: 17-25.
Direct Link  |  

Maran, E., M. Fernandez, P. Barbieri, G. Font and M.J. Ruiz, 2009. Effects of four carbamate compounds on antioxidant parameters. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 72: 922-930.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Martinez, A., I. Reyes and N. Reyes, 2007. Cytotoxicity of the herbicide glyphosate in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Biomed.: Rev. Inst. Nacional Salud, 27: 594-604.
Direct Link  |  

Masayasu, M. and Y. Hiroshi, 1979. A simplified assay method of superoxide dismutase activity for clinical use. Clin. Chim. Acta, 92: 337-342.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |  

Modesto, K.A. and C.B. Martinez, 2010. Roundup^® causes oxidative stress in liver and inhibits acetylcholinesterase in muscle and brain of the fish Prochilodus lineatus. Chemosphere, 78: 294-299.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Monsanto, 1989. Material safety data sheet 001071836. Monsanto Company, St. Louis, MO., USA.

Oropesa, A.L., J.P Garcia Cambero and F. Soler, 2008. Effect of long‐term exposure to simazine on brain and muscle acetylcholinesterase activity of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Environ. Toxicol., 23: 285-293.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Parvez, S. and S. Raisuddin, 2005. Protein carbonyls: Novel biomarkers of exposure to oxidative stress-inducing pesticides in freshwater fish Channa punctata(Bloch). Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 20: 112-117.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Reitman, S. and S. Frankel, 1957. Colorimetric estimation of AST and ALT activities. J. Lab. Clin. Med., 28: 56-63.

Richard, S., S. Moslemi, H. Sipahutar, N. Benachour and G.E. Seralini, 2005. Differential effects of glyphosate and roundup on human placental cells and aromatase. Environ. Health Perspect., 113: 716-720.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Rubin, J.L., C.G. Gaines and R.A. Jensen, 1984. Glyphosate inhibition of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate synthase from suspension-cultured cells of Nicotiana silvestris. Plant Physiol., 75: 839-845.
Direct Link  |  

Schermer, S., 1967. Blood Morphorolgy of Laboratory Animals. 3rd Edn., F.A. Davis Co., Pheladelphia, PA., USA., pp: 42.

Sevgiler, Y., E.O. Oruc and N. Uner, 2004. Evaluation of etoxazole toxicity in the liver of Oreochromis niloticus. Pesticide Biochem. Physiol., 78: 1-8.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Smith, E.A. and F.W. Oehme, 1992. The biological activity of glyphosate to plants and animals: A literature review. Vet. Hum. Toxicol., 34: 531-543.
Direct Link  |  

Snedecor, G.W. and W.G. Cochran, 1967. Statistical Methods. 6th Edn., Iowa State University Press, Ames, Iowa, ISBN: 9780813815602, Pages: 593.

Solomon, K.R., A Anadon, G. Carrasquilla, A.L. Cerdeira, E.J.P Marshall and L.H. Sanin, 2007. Coca and Poppy Eradication in Colombia: Environmental and Human Health Assessment of Aerially Applied Glyphosate. In: Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology: Continuation of Residue Reviews, Ware, G.W., D.M. Whitacre and F.A. Gunther (Eds.). Springer, New York, USA., pp: 43-125.

Temple, W.A. and N.A. Smith, 1992. Glyphosate herbicide poisoning in New Zealand. N. Z. Med. J., 105: 173-174.

Viragh, C., I.M. Kovach and L. Pannell, 1999. Small molecular products of dealkylation in soman-inhibited electric eel acetylcholinesterase. Biochemistry, 38: 9557-9561.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

WHO, 2003. Environmental health criteria 159: Glyphosate. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, pp: 1-177.

Weichselbaum, T.E., 1946. Quantitative colorimetric determination of total protein in serum. Am. J. Clin. Pathol., 7: 40-49.

Weil, C.S., 1952. Tables for convenient calculation of median effective dose (LD₅₀ of ED₅₀) and instructions in their use. Biometrics, 8: 249-263.
Direct Link  |  

Williams, G.M., R. Kroes and I.C. Munro, 2000. Safety evaluation and risk assessment of the herbicide Roundup and its active ingredient, glyphosate, for humans. Regul. Toxicol. Pharmacol., 31: 117-165.
CrossRef  |  Direct Link  |  

Winston, G.W. and R.T. Di Giulio, 1991. Prooxidant and antioxidant mechanisms in aquatic organisms. Aquat. Toxicol., 19: 137-161.
CrossRef  |  

Yoshioka, T., K. Kawada, T. Shimada and M. Mori, 1979. Lipid peroxidation in maternal and cord blood and protective mechanism against activated-oxygen toxicity in the blood. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol., 135: 372-376.
CrossRef  |  PubMed  |  Direct Link  |